Tag Archives: sheds

Cathie Wood Sheds $14.5M In Spotify Amid Joe Rogan Controversy And Piles Up Another $31M In Robinhood – Bitcoin – United States Dollar ($BTC)

Cathie Wood-led Ark Investment Management on Friday further raised its exposure in Robinhood Markets Inc (NASDAQ:HOOD) on the day shares of the financial services company rallied nearly 10% and shed shares in streaming audio-on-demand platform Spotify Technology SA (NYSE:SPOT) amid the “The Joe Rogan Experience” controversy.

Ark Invest bought 2.45 million shares —estimated to be worth $31.15 million— in Robinhood.

The stock closed 9.65% higher at $12.73 a share on Friday and is down 31% year-to-date.

The asset management firm held 22 million shares — worth $255.8 million in Robinhood, prior to Friday’s trade. 

Ark Invest bought shares in Robinhood via all three of its active exchange traded funds through which it owns the stock — the Ark Innovation ETF (NYSE:ARKK), the Ark Next Generation Internet ETF (NYSE:ARKW) and the Ark Fintech Innovation ETF (NYSE:ARKF). 

See Also: Robinhood Q4 Earnings Highlights: Lower MAU And Crypto Revenue, Updates on Crypto Wallets And Plans To Extend Trading Hours

Robinhood reported fourth-quarter results after-hours on Thursday and provided lower-than-expected first quarter guidance. 

Shares rallied on the cryptocurrency-linked company’s new product plans including “Crypto Wallets,” which are currently in alpha testing. The company said a full launch is expected in the first quarter of fiscal 2022. 

Ark Invest has been buying shares in Robinhood since its lacklustre listing in July last year and has recently boosted buying the stock on the dip following the recent Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC)-led selloff in cryptocurrencies.

See Also: Cathie Wood Loads Up On These 3 Crypto-Exposed Stocks Amid Bitcoin Crash

Bitcoin prices are down 21% so far this year while Ethereum (CRYPTO: ETH) and Dogecoin (CRYPTO: DOGE) are down 32% and 20%, respectively.

Here are the other key Ark Invest trades on Friday:

  • Bought 84,002 shares — estimated to be worth $14.5 million based on Friday’s closing price — in Spotify. The stock closed 0.97% higher at $172.9 a share and is 29% so far this year. Spotify found itself in the headlines last week when musicians Neil Young and Joni Mitchell asked for the removal of their music from the platform to protest the COVID-19-related content of “The Joe Rogan Experience,” which they stated was spreading medical misinformation.
  • Sold 25,378 shares — estimated to be worth $2.97 million — in Docusign Inc (NASDAQ:DOCU). Shares closed 5.96% higher at $117.3 a share on Friday. The stock is down 25.3% year-to-date.

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New study sheds light on origins of life on Earth

Addressing one of the most profoundly unanswered questions in biology, a Rutgers-led team has discovered the structures of proteins that may be responsible for the origins of life in the primordial soup of ancient Earth. Credit: Rutgers

Addressing one of the most profoundly unanswered questions in biology, a Rutgers-led team has discovered the structures of proteins that may be responsible for the origins of life in the primordial soup of ancient Earth.

The study appears in the journal Science Advances.

The researchers explored how primitive life may have originated on our planet from simple, non-living materials. They asked what properties define life as we know it and concluded that anything alive would have needed to collect and use energy, from sources such as the Sun or hydrothermal vents.

In molecular terms, this would mean that the ability to shuffle electrons was paramount to life. Since the best elements for electron transfer are metals (think standard electrical wires) and most biological activities are carried out by proteins, the researchers decided to explore the combination of the two—that is, proteins that bind metals.

They compared all existing protein structures that bind metals to establish any common features, based on the premise that these shared features were present in ancestral proteins and were diversified and passed down to create the range of proteins we see today.

Evolution of protein structures entails understanding how new folds arose from previously existing ones, so the researchers designed a computational method that found the vast majority of currently existing metal-binding proteins are somewhat similar regardless of the type of metal they bind to, the organism they come from or the functionality assigned to the protein as a whole.

“We saw that the metal-binding cores of existing proteins are indeed similar even though the proteins themselves may not be,” said the study’s lead author Yana Bromberg, a professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology at Rutgers University-New Brunswick. “We also saw that these metal-binding cores are often made up of repeated substructures, kind of like LEGO blocks. Curiously, these blocks were also found in other regions of the proteins, not just metal-binding cores, and in many other proteins that were not considered in our study. Our observation suggests that rearrangements of these little building blocks may have had a single or a small number of common ancestors and given rise to the whole range of proteins and their functions that are currently available—that is, to life as we know it.”

“We have very little information about how life arose on this planet, and our work contributes a previously unavailable explanation,” said Bromberg, whose research focuses on deciphering the DNA blueprints of life’s molecular machinery. “This explanation could also potentially contribute to our search for life on other planets and planetary bodies. Our finding of the specific structural building blocks is also possibly relevant for synthetic biology efforts, where scientists aim to construct specifically active proteins anew.”

The study, funded by NASA, also included researchers from the University of Buenos Aires.


Scientists have discovered the origins of the building blocks of life


More information:
Yana Bromberg, Quantifying structural relationships of metal-binding sites suggests origins of biological electron transfer, Science Advances (2022). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3984. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj3984
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Rutgers University

Citation:
New study sheds light on origins of life on Earth (2022, January 14)
retrieved 16 January 2022
from https://phys.org/news/2022-01-life-earth.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.



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Preserved dinosaur embryo sheds light on connection to modern birds

Scientists have discovered a perfectly-preserved dinosaur embryo that appears to have been just about to hatch from its egg. They believe the egg was fossilized after being buried by a mudslide or similar phenomenon that protected it from exposure to the elements as well as scavengers, and that it is likely an oviraptorid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period, which lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago. The findings were published in the peer-reviewed Cell Press Journals.

The embryo was discovered in the city of Ganzhou in southern China.

Researchers credit the embryo, which they’ve dubbed “Baby Yingliang” after the museum that houses it, as being a strong link between what we know about dinosaurs and how they are related to modern birds.

Their findings highlight that “[the embryo’s] posture is similar to that of a late-stage modern bird embryo,” and that it is possible that “Avian tucking behavior possibly originated among non-avian theropods.” Prior to this discovery, this posture was “unrecognized in non-avian dinosaurs.”

Paleontologist Steve Brusatte welcomed Baby Yingliang in a tweet where he also shared an image of the incredibly rare find.

“Welcome Baby Yingliang, a gorgeous fossil dinosaur embryo preserved inside its egg!” the tweet read.



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Mother-of-eight sheds 150lbs in a year after suffering a heart attack

A mother-of-eight who suffered a heart attack during her weight loss journey has revealed how she shed 150 pounds in just one year by intermittent fasting and counting calories.   

Katie Silva, 42, from Niceville, Florida, started gaining weight after the birth of her fourth child Ethan in 2003. She had six kids in the span of nine years and turned to food for comfort while struggling with postpartum depression.

With so many young children to look after, the stay-at-home mom found it hard to be active, so she continued to gain weight until she tipped the scales at 345 pounds.

‘I did my best to stay afloat, to keep the children loved and well cared for, but in the process, lost myself,’ Katie said. ‘My care was my lowest priority, and food became my only comfort.’

Incredible: Katie Silva, 42, from Niceville, Florida, has gone from 345 pounds (left) to 195 pounds (right) in just one year 

Amazing: The mother of eight lost a total of 150 pounds by counting calories, following a low-carb diet, and intermittent fasting 

‘So, I ate. I ate when I was sad. I ate when I was angry. I ate when I was lonely. I ate when I was stressed. I ate and ate and ate. I was disgusted with myself. Not necessarily with my body, but with my lack of willpower,’ she explained. 

‘I knew I had a toxic relationship with food. I knew it was unhealthy. I knew I needed to change, but I just couldn’t bring myself to do it. No matter how much I wanted to, I just never stuck with it.

‘I would binge on food, then hate myself for it, which just led to binging even more. It was a horrible cycle that I seemed powerless to end, which just deepened the resentment I had for myself.’

Katie’s self-hatred was only exacerbated by the toxic relationship she had with a group of women she thought were her friends when she was in her mid-20s.  

‘We would all hang out with our kids, and occasionally would go out without the children,’ she recalled. ‘We all made plans to meet up for dinner. I showed up at the restaurant at the agreed-upon time, only to find out that they had changed the reservation and had had lunch together, instead, and didn’t tell me.

Hard to handle: Katie (pictured before she lost weight) had six of her kids in the span of nine years, and she started gaining weight after the birth of her fourth child Ethan in 2003

Challenges: Katie turned to food for comfort while struggling with postpartum depression, and she continued to gain weight until she tipped the scales at 345 pounds

‘When I confronted the woman I thought I was closest to, asking her why they had done those things, she blamed my weight and said I really just didn’t fit in with the rest of them. This was a huge blow to my self-esteem and my feeling of self-worth.’

Katie withdrew into herself, not trusting people enough to make new friends, and she became lonelier and lonelier.

‘My once-outgoing personality turned inward and from that point forward, I really felt like people didn’t want to be around me, and that if they were being friendly with me, were only doing so to be nice,’ she said.

‘I couldn’t put myself out there and get hurt like that again, so I stopped trying to make friends, and made it difficult for people to get close to me.’

She added that she even found it hard to go to events with her kids because she wanted to avoid attracting attention.

Dedicated: On October 1, 2020, she decided out of the blue she was going to lose weight and quickly lost 50 pounds 

Plan: Katie followed a low-carb diet and allowed herself 1,100 to 1,400 calories per day. She only ate between noon and 6 p.m. while intermittent fasting 

‘Before I lost the weight, I was in almost constant pain. My back muscles would seize up so badly at times that I couldn’t walk without the assistance of a walker and was on pain medication almost constantly.

‘I had even stopped attending my children’s school performances and activities because I didn’t fit well in chairs and hated feeling like I was infringing on other people’s space, and really, it just hurt to sit in bleachers and on hard chairs for an hour at a time.’

Katie recounted how humiliated she was when a teacher asked all of the parents to take a seat at a ‘back to school night,’ and she couldn’t comply.   

‘The seats had desks connected to the chair. I did not fit between the desk and the chair, so I stood, while the rest of the parents sat,’ she explained. ‘The teacher singled me out and pointed to a seat and said, “There is an open seat right here.”

‘Now, I was facing two of my biggest horrors, not physically fitting into a space that I was supposed to occupy, and being the center of attention. I cried, stammered that I thought I had the wrong class, and left the room as quickly as possible.’

New lifestyle: Katie also started working out and competed in virtual races to help pose weight 

Loss: Katie lost 100 pounds in under six months, but then found out she was pregnant. She ended up losing the baby and suffered a heart attack while in the hospital

After years of struggling with her weight, Katie became determined last year to change her life once and for all.   

‘On October 1, 2020, in the middle of the day, I randomly decided I was going to lose weight,’ she said. ‘No planning, no waiting for Monday. I just decided I was going to start right that second. I got on the scale and it read 345 pounds.’

Katie started counting calories, allowing herself 1,100 to 1,400 calories and less than 35 net carbs per day. She only ate between noon and 6 p.m. while intermittent fasting, and she prioritized drinking a minimum of one gallon of water every day.  

The mom cut out most processed foods and simple carbs, and she tried to make sure that all of her meals and snacks incorporated some type of protein. 

She also exercised five days a week, keeping her workouts varied. She used an ergometer to compete in virtual races, rode her Peleton bike, and did strength training.

‘Through a calorie deficit, with the aid of a low carb diet and intermittent fasting, I lost 100 pounds in just under six months,’ Katie said. ‘Around that time, I found out I was pregnant. 

Challenges: Katie said losing the baby saved her life because her doctor told her it was ‘only a matter of time’ before she had a heart attack 

Setback: Exercise was limited after her heart attack, so she had to focus on nutrition to lose the rest of the weight, but she was not deterred 

‘Unfortunately, during my second trimester, I lost the baby, and complications from that led to surgery that same day. Upon waking from surgery, I suffered a heart attack. I was told that had I not been in the hospital when it happened, I would have died.

‘My cardiologist said that it was only a matter of time before I had the heart attack, but the complications and the surgery were likely the tipping point for why it happened when it did. Basically, losing my child saved my life.’

Katie explained that exercise was limited after her heart attack, so she had to focus on nutrition to lose the rest of the weight. Her brush with death made her realize she wanted to be as healthy as possible rather than just lose weight.  

‘I was given a second chance at life, and I was going to make sure I did everything I could to make sure that life was as long as possible,’ she said. ‘I had children starting kindergarten, children graduating high school, children getting married, and I wasn’t about to miss those things.’

One year after she started her weight loss journey, Katie stepped on the scale and learned she weighed 195 pounds – exactly 150-pounds less than she was when she started.

‘I am happier and healthier now than I have been in more than twenty years,’ she said. ‘I can now hike with my family, get on the floor and play with my children, pick my little ones up and spin them in the air.

Focused: Katie’s brush with death made her realize she wanted to be as healthy as possible rather than just lose weight

Support system: The mom said her eight kids are so proud of her success 

‘I can fit in a kayak, swing with my kids without worrying about breaking the swing, and go on roller coasters without the fear of being kicked off for being too big.

‘I am more present in the lives of my children because I can physically do the things I didn’t used to be able to do with them.

‘When I was overweight, I tried to make myself small. I stayed quiet and as unobtrusive as possible so people wouldn’t notice me,’ she admitted. 

‘I had a fear of my children being embarrassed by me because of my weight, so I made sure that when I was around them, I was as demure as possible so as not to draw attention to myself. 

I even held back laughter because it might be too loud and people would notice me. That has all changed now that I have lost weight. I am back to my bigger-than-life self.’

Katie is now living her life to the fullest, but she wishes that she hadn’t cared what people thought about her weight.

Meeting her goal: One year after she started her weight loss journey, Katie stepped on the scale and learned she weighed 195 pounds – exactly 150-pounds less than her starting weight

Success: ‘I am happier and healthier now than I have been in more than twenty years,’ Katie said of her weight loss 

‘I am happier and more comfortable in my body now, but am upset at all of the time I wasted worrying about what other people thought of me and my weight,’ she said. 

‘I am frustrated that I missed out on so many things because of the stories I told myself in my head about how other people thought of my weight.

‘However, I am also so proud of myself and the things I have accomplished. I have worked so hard to overcome the mental obstacles that I had put in place.

‘I have worked so hard to fix my relationship with food, as well as my relationship with myself. I never realized how strong I was and what I was capable of.’

She added that her kids – Caitlin, 23, Emma, 21, Cole, 19, Ethan 18, Serapia, 16, Clay, 14, Clara, five,  and Victoria, four – are proud of her too.

‘One of my daughters told me the other day, “You lost 150 pounds in a year. That’s an entire adult human being. That’s freaking amazing,”‘ she said. ‘Mostly though, my children comment on how much happier I seem now than I have in the past.

‘They comment on how much I laugh and how they are still getting used to that, and how “cringe” I am when I dance in public. I secretly think they love it, though.’

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Who’s getting sick? Report sheds new light on breakthrough cases and vaccine protection against hospitalization

As Ontario tries to keep a resurgence of COVID-19 cases under control, new data from Public Health Ontario shows only nine fully vaccinated people under 60 have ended up in the ICU.

The report paints the most detailed picture yet of breakthrough cases — and who is getting very sick despite being fully vaccinated — showing that the majority of those who need hospital care are adults over the age of 60, with the highest proportion in their 80s.

Experts say the findings underscore that vaccines are working well to prevent infections and hospitalizations. But they also support opening up third doses of the COVID vaccine to more older adults, and highlight why masking and other public health measures are still critical at this stage of the pandemic to protect the most vulnerable.

“It’s clear that vaccines are working phenomenally well,” said Dr. Isaac Bogoch, an infectious disease expert and a former member of Ontario’s now disbanded vaccine task force.

“But if you look at all the breakthrough cases, there is a greater probability that the older age cohorts will have more serious infections.” Based on this and data from other parts of the world, “it would make sense to expand third dose eligibility to the 50-year-old age cohort and up.”

Third doses have been opened up widely in the U.S. and Israel, but in Ontario only a few groups qualify, including health-care workers, individuals 70 and up, people who got two doses of AstraZeneca or one dose of Johnson & Johnson, and First Nations, Inuit and Métis adults. You have to be 168 days past your second dose to get a third one. Immunocompromised people, transplant recipients, patients with hematological cancers, and seniors living in congregate settings, such as long-term-care homes, retirement homes and First Nations elder care lodges, are also eligible.

The Public Health Ontario report, which includes COVID vaccination and case data up until Nov. 14, shows there were only 17,596 breakthrough cases out of the 11.1 million individuals who have completed two doses of the vaccine. As of Nov. 14, there were just 40 cases following a third dose, the data shows.

“The take-home message is that the COVID-19 vaccines … are highly effective at protecting against infection, and particularly effective at protecting against serious outcomes, including hospitalization and death, from COVID-19,” Dr. Sarah Wilson, a public health physician at Public Health Ontario, said in an email to the Star.

As of Nov. 14, unvaccinated individuals made up 91 per cent of COVID cases in Ontario, with breakthrough infections accounting for 3.8 per cent of cases. Public Health Ontario defines a breakthrough case as “individuals who have received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine and were infected more than two weeks after receiving their second dose,” Wilson said.

The report notes a similar trend was observed for COVID hospitalizations and deaths “with unvaccinated cases accounting for 90.9 per cent of hospitalizations and 90.2 per cent of deaths while breakthrough cases accounted for 2.7 per cent of hospitalizations and 3.3 per cent of deaths.” As of Nov. 14, 178 fully vaccinated individuals had died of a COVID infection.

While the data shows older adults are more at risk of hospitalization from a breakthrough infection — particularly those over the age of 80 — the rate of “hospitalizations was higher among unvaccinated individuals compared to fully vaccinated individuals.”

Wilson said the data makes it clear the risk of COVID infection is higher for those who are unvaccinated. For those 60 and older, the risk of being hospitalized with the virus was about 16 times higher for unvaccinated individuals compared to those who had two doses.

Dr. Zain Chagla, an associate professor at McMaster University, said only nine intensive care unit admissions in people under 60 is “pretty remarkable,” but the “opposite side of the coin though is those over 60 probably do require booster doses.”

Especially since global vaccine supply is still strained and there are people in some countries who still don’t have access to first and second doses, “you want to make sure (third doses) are used in people where they’re going to derive the most benefit.”

Lucy Gerardi, who turns 68 soon, would be first in line if third doses were opened up for her age group.

“You just want to have that extra sense of security,” said the retired biology teacher and Oakville resident. As of Tuesday, it has been 168 days since her second shot and she’s been calling around to public health officials trying to get more information about when she can get a third, to no avail.

“You’re just kind of in limbo,” Gerardi said.

“But I guess we should be thankful we at least have two shots, when there are people in the world that have none.”

Nearly 420,000 third doses have been administered in Ontario, according to Ministry of Health spokesperson Bill Campbell, up from 290,000 last week. These numbers will start being reported publicly soon. “Ontario’s plan is to gradually expand eligibility for a booster dose to all Ontarians over time,” he said in an emailed statement. For now, in line with National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommendations, they are being offered to vulnerable populations, Campbell added.

While the Ontario data shows COVID vaccines work very well, they still do not offer complete protection, said Dr. Abdu Sharkawy, an infectious diseases specialist at University Health Network.

“The message that is distilled from this report should not be one of nihilism, that vaccines just don’t work well enough,” he said. “The vaccines work very well, but they have their limitations.”

That’s why maintaining public health measures, particularly masking and minimizing risks that come with crowded, poorly ventilated indoor spaces, is still critical, even with a highly immunized population, Sharkawy said.

“We have to maintain a sense of vigilance around those things that can prevent at-risk people from becoming sick. And that means preventing the possibility of breakthrough infection by not simply relying on the vaccines alone.”

Wilson said Public Health Ontario will be publishing further reports on breakthrough infections “that could be used to inform third dose rollout” and that researchers are looking at data on different age groups and the timing of infection after a second dose.



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Artificial intelligence sheds light on how the brain processes language

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

In the past few years, artificial intelligence models of language have become very good at certain tasks. Most notably, they excel at predicting the next word in a string of text; this technology helps search engines and texting apps predict the next word you are going to type.

The most recent generation of predictive language models also appears to learn something about the underlying meaning of language. These models can not only predict the word that comes next, but also perform tasks that seem to require some degree of genuine understanding, such as question answering, document summarization, and story completion.

Such models were designed to optimize performance for the specific function of predicting text, without attempting to mimic anything about how the human brain performs this task or understands language. But a new study from MIT neuroscientists suggests the underlying function of these models resembles the function of language-processing centers in the human brain.

Computer models that perform well on other types of language tasks do not show this similarity to the human brain, offering evidence that the human brain may use next-word prediction to drive language processing.

“The better the model is at predicting the next word, the more closely it fits the human brain,” says Nancy Kanwisher, the Walter A. Rosenblith Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, a member of MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines (CBMM), and an author of the new study. “It’s amazing that the models fit so well, and it very indirectly suggests that maybe what the human language system is doing is predicting what’s going to happen next.”

Joshua Tenenbaum, a professor of computational cognitive science at MIT and a member of CBMM and MIT’s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL); and Evelina Fedorenko, the Frederick A. and Carole J. Middleton Career Development Associate Professor of Neuroscience and a member of the McGovern Institute, are the senior authors of the study, which appears this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Martin Schrimpf, an MIT graduate student who works in CBMM, is the first author of the paper.

Making predictions

The new, high-performing next-word prediction models belong to a class of models called deep neural networks. These networks contain computational “nodes” that form connections of varying strength, and layers that pass information between each other in prescribed ways.

Over the past decade, scientists have used deep neural networks to create models of vision that can recognize objects as well as the primate brain does. Research at MIT has also shown that the underlying function of visual object recognition models matches the organization of the primate visual cortex, even though those computer models were not specifically designed to mimic the brain.

In the new study, the MIT team used a similar approach to compare language-processing centers in the human brain with language-processing models. The researchers analyzed 43 different language models, including several that are optimized for next-word prediction. These include a model called GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3), which, given a prompt, can generate text similar to what a human would produce. Other models were designed to perform different language tasks, such as filling in a blank in a sentence.

As each model was presented with a string of words, the researchers measured the activity of the nodes that make up the network. They then compared these patterns to activity in the human brain, measured in subjects performing three language tasks: listening to stories, reading sentences one at a time, and reading sentences in which one word is revealed at a time. These human datasets included functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) data and intracranial electrocorticographic measurements taken in people undergoing brain surgery for epilepsy.

They found that the best-performing next-word prediction models had activity patterns that very closely resembled those seen in the human brain. Activity in those same models was also highly correlated with measures of human behavioral measures such as how fast people were able to read the text.

“We found that the models that predict the neural responses well also tend to best predict human behavior responses, in the form of reading times. And then both of these are explained by the model performance on next-word prediction. This triangle really connects everything together,” Schrimpf says.

Game changer

One of the key computational features of predictive models such as GPT-3 is an element known as a forward one-way predictive transformer. This kind of transformer is able to make predictions of what is going to come next, based on previous sequences. A significant feature of this transformer is that it can make predictions based on a very long prior context (hundreds of words), not just the last few words.

Scientists have not found any brain circuits or learning mechanisms that correspond to this type of processing, Tenenbaum says. However, the new findings are consistent with hypotheses that have been previously proposed that prediction is one of the key functions in language processing, he says.

“One of the challenges of language processing is the real-time aspect of it,” he says. “Language comes in, and you have to keep up with it and be able to make sense of it in real time.”

The researchers now plan to build variants of these language processing models to see how small changes in their architecture affect their performance and their ability to fit human neural data.

“For me, this result has been a game changer,” Fedorenko says. “It’s totally transforming my research program, because I would not have predicted that in my lifetime we would get to these computationally explicit models that capture enough about the brain so that we can actually leverage them in understanding how the brain works.”

The researchers also plan to try to combine these high-performing language models with some computer models Tenenbaum’s lab has previously developed that can perform other kinds of tasks such as constructing perceptual representations of the physical world.

“If we’re able to understand what these language models do and how they can connect to models which do things that are more like perceiving and thinking, then that can give us more integrative models of how things work in the brain,” Tenenbaum says. “This could take us toward better artificial intelligence models, as well as giving us better models of how more of the brain works and how general intelligence emerges, than we’ve had in the past.”

Other authors of the paper are Idan Blank Ph.D. ’16 and graduate students Greta Tuckute, Carina Kauf, and Eghbal Hosseini.


Beautiful or handsome? Neural language models try their hand at word substitution


More information:
The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2021). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105646118.
Provided by
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Citation:
Artificial intelligence sheds light on how the brain processes language (2021, October 25)
retrieved 26 October 2021
from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-10-artificial-intelligence-brain-language.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.



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First image of a black hole gets a polarizing update that sheds light on magnetic fields

Following the release of the first image of a black hole in 2019, astronomers have captured a new polarized view of the black hole.  (Image credit: EHT Collaboration)

Following the mind-boggling release of the first image ever captured of a black hole, astronomers have done it again, revealing a new view of the massive celestial object and shedding light on how magnetic fields behave close to black holes

In 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration produced the first-ever image of a black hole, which lies at the center of the M87 galaxy 55 million light-years from Earth. The image showed a bright ring with a dark center, which is the black hole’s shadow. In capturing this image, astronomers noticed a significant amount of polarized light around the black hole. Now, the collaboration has revealed a new look at the black hole, showing what it looks like in polarized light. 

Polarized light waves have a different orientation and brightness compared with unpolarized light. And, just like how light is polarized when it passes through some sunglasses, light is polarized when it’s emitted in magnetized and hot areas of space. 

As polarization is a signature of magnetic fields, this image makes it clear that the black hole’s ring is magnetized. This polarized view “tells us that the emission in the ring is most certainly produced by magnetic fields that are located very close to the event horizon,” Monika Moscibrodzka, coordinator of the EHT Polarimetry Working Group and assistant professor at Radboud Universiteit in the Netherlands, told Space.com. 

Related: Eureka! Scientists photograph a black hole for the 1st time

This is the first time that astronomers have been able to measure polarization so close to the edge of a black hole. Not only is this new view of this black hole spectacular to look at, but the image is revealing new information about the powerful radio jets shooting from M87.

“In the first images, we showed intensity only,” Moscibrodzka said about the first-released image of the object. “Now, we add polarization information on the top of that original image.”

“The new polarized images mark important steps towards learning more about the gas near the black hole, and in turn how black holes grow and launch jets,” Jason Dexter, Assistant Professor at the University of Colorado Boulder and coordinator of the EHT Theory Working Group, told Space.com in an email.

Related: What exactly is a black hole event horizon (and what happens there)?

To capture the black hole, the collaboration used eight telescopes from around the world, combining their power to create a virtual Earth-sized telescope (the EHT). 

“The radio telescopes of the EHT have receivers that record the sky signal in polarized light,” Ivan Marti-Vidal, also a coordinator of the EHT Polarimetry Working Group and GenT Distinguished Researcher at the Universitat de Valencia in Spain, told Space.com. “These polarized receivers work in a way similar to that of the polarized sunglasses that some people use.” 

By showing the black hole in M87 through polarized light, the team got a better look at the object’s event horizon, which is also known as the “point of no return” because it’s the point at which no matter can get closer to the black hole without being pulled in. They also were able to better study the interaction with the object’s accretion disk, which is a disk of hot gas and other diffuse material that falls in toward a black hole and swirls around it. 

The team’s observations and this new view of the object in M87 is deepening scientists’ understanding of the structure of magnetic fields just outside of a black hole, as it has remained a mystery how jets larger than the galaxy itself are emitted from the black hole at its heart. 

“Astronomers have long thought that magnetic fields carried by the hot gas near black holes play an important role in letting the gas fall in, and in launching relativistic jets of energetic particles out into the surrounding galaxy. The polarized image we see tells us about the structure and strength of these magnetic fields very close to the black hole in M87, where the jet is launched,” Dexter said. 

Related: Images: Black holes of the universe

This image shows the jet in the M87 galaxy in polarized light, as captured by ALMA. This image reveals the structure of the magnetic field along the jet.  (Image credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), Goddi et al.)

But these observations didn’t just reveal magnetic fields on the edge of the black hole in M87, they also show that the gas there is very strongly magnetized. 

“The main finding is that we not only see the magnetic fields near the black hole as expected, but they also appear to be strong. Our results indicate that the magnetic fields can push the gas around and resist being stretched. The result is an interesting clue to how black holes feed on gas and grow,” Dexter added. 

“We still don’t know all the details of how jets are generated, but we know that magnetic fields may play a critical role,” Marti-Vidal said. Going forward, the team hopes to continue observing M87, they told Space.com, not just in polarization but also “at different wavelengths [of light], to build a more complete picture of the black hole’s surroundings and probe [the] magnetic fields in more detail,” they added. 

This work was published today (March 24) in two papers in The Astrophysical Journal Letters by the EHT collaboration, which involved over 300 researchers from organizations around the world. You can find the papers here and here. 

Email Chelsea Gohd at cgohd@space.com or follow her on Twitter @chelsea_gohd. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

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Target Sheds Office Space in Switch to Flexible Work Model: Live Updates

Credit…Lucy Nicholson/Reuters

Target, a fixture in downtown Minneapolis, is giving up space in a large office building there, becoming the latest company to permanently allow its staff to spend more time working from home.

The retailer told employees it would cease operations in the City Center building in downtown Minneapolis and that the 3,500 employees working there would relocate to other nearby offices, while also working from home part of the time. More than a quarter of Target’s corporate employees in the Minneapolis area work in the City Center building.

“This change is driven by Target’s longer-term headquarters environment that will include a hybrid model of remote and on-site work, allowing for flexibility and collaboration and ultimately, requiring less space,” the company said Thursday.

Office landlords across the country have been struggling to retain tenants as the pandemic drags on and companies realize their staff has been able to work effectively in a remote setting. Empty office buildings are putting a squeeze on city budgets, which are heavily reliant on property taxes.

Salesforce, the software company based in San Francisco, adopted a flex model in which most of its employees would be able to come into the office one to three days a week. In a bet that more people would work from home after the pandemic ends, Salesforce acquired the workplace software company Slack in December.

After the move, Target said it would still occupy about three million square feet of office space in the Minneapolis area.

“It’s not easy to say goodbye to City Center, but the Twin Cities is still our home after all these years,’’ Target’s chief human resources officer, Melissa Kremer, said in an email to employees.

Credit…Wu Hong/EPA, via Shutterstock

LinkedIn has stopped allowing people in China to sign up for new member accounts while it works to ensure its service in the country remains in compliance with local law, the company said this week, without specifying what prompted the move. A company representative declined to comment further.

Unlike other global internet mainstays such as Facebook and Google, LinkedIn offers a version of its service in China, which it is able to do by hewing closely to the authoritarian government’s tight controls on cyberspace.

It censors its Chinese users in line with official mandates. It limits certain tools, such as the ability to create or join groups. It has given partial ownership of its Chinese operation to local investors.

In 2017, the company blocked individuals, but not companies, from advertising job openings on its site in China after it fell afoul of government rules requiring it to verify the identities of the people who post job listings.

The backdrop to the suspension of new user registrations is not clear. The government has previously blocked internet services that it believes to be breaking the law. In 2019, Microsoft’s Bing search engine was briefly inaccessible in China for unclear reasons. Microsoft also owns LinkedIn.

U.S. stock dropped on Friday, with the S&P 500 pulling back from the record it set on Thursday, as bond yields jumped again.

The S&P 500 fell 0.5 percent in early trading, while the Nasdaq composite fell 1.5 percent.

The yield on 10-year Treasury notes rose 7 basis points, or 0.07 percentage point, to 1.61 percent, a substantial jump.

On Thursday, President Biden promised that all adults would be eligible for a coronavirus vaccine by May 1, signaling a possible return to normality in the summer. As more businesses and services open up, the economy should also be feeling the effects of Mr. Biden’s nearly $1.9 trillion stimulus package, the American Rescue Plan, which he signed into law on Thursday. It provides another round of direct payments to American taxpayers, sending checks of up to $1,400, and more money for state and local governments and industries including airlines.

But so much good news has also fed into fears about inflation, or that central banks will begin to pull back on their stimulus measures, which have helped keep asset prices high.

Higher interest rates and tighter central bank policies are now considered to be the single biggest threat to so-called risk assets, mainly stocks, according to a Bank of America survey of fund managers.

  • The Stoxx Europe 600 index dropped about half a percent. The FTSE 100 index in Britain was flat.

  • Data published on Friday shows that the British economy declined 2.9 percent in January as the country entered its third lockdown, shut schools and left the European Union single market and customs union. Separate data for the same month showed the largest monthly drop in trade since records began in 1997. Exports to the European Union dropped 40 percent and imports fell nearly 30 percent. Some of the fall is because of stockpiling at the end of last year, but many businesses struggled to keep trading as they dealt with new customs requirements.

Credit…Rory Doyle for The New York Times

The economic relief plan that is headed to President Biden’s desk has been billed as the United States’ most ambitious antipoverty initiative in a generation. But inside the $1.9 trillion package, there are plenty of perks for the middle class, too.

An analysis by the Tax Policy Center published this week estimated that middle-income families — those making $51,000 to $91,000 per year — would see their after-tax income rise by 5.5 percent as a result of the tax changes and stimulus payments in the legislation. This is about twice what that income group received as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

Here are some of the ways the bill will help the middle class.

Americans will receive stimulus checks of up to $1,400 per person, including dependents.

The size of the payments are scaled down for individuals making more than $75,000 and married couples earning more than $150,000. And they are cut off for individuals making $80,000 or more and couples earning more than $160,000. Those thresholds are lower than in the previous relief bills, but they will still be one of the biggest benefits enjoyed by those who are solidly in the middle class.

The most significant change is to the child tax credit, which will be increased to up to $3,600 for each child under 6, from $2,000 per child. The credit, which is refundable for people with low tax bills, is $3,000 per child for children ages 6 to 17.

The legislation also bolsters the tax credits that parents receive to subsidize the cost of child care this year. The current credit is worth 20 to 35 percent of eligible expenses, with a maximum value of $2,100 for two or more qualifying individuals. The stimulus bill increases that amount to $4,000 for one qualifying individual or $8,000 for two or more.

After four years of being on life support, the Affordable Care Act is expanding, a development that will largely reward middle-income individuals and families, since those on the lower end of the income spectrum generally qualify for Medicaid.

Because the relief legislation expands the subsidies for buying health insurance, a 64-year-old earning $58,000 would see monthly payments decline to $412 from $1,075 under current law, according to the Congressional Budget Office.

One of the more contentious provisions in the legislation is the $86 billion allotted to fixing failing multiemployer pensions. The money is a taxpayer bailout for about 185 union pension plans that are so close to collapse that without the rescue, more than a million retired truck drivers, retail clerks, builders and others could be forced to forgo retirement income.

The legislation gives the weakest plans enough money to pay hundreds of thousands of retirees their full pensions for the next 30 years.

Credit…Christopher Gregory for The New York Times

Even as they are making more money thanks to the higher oil and gasoline prices, industry executives pledged at a recent energy conference that they would not expand production significantly. They also promised to pay down debt and hand out more of their profits to shareholders in the form of dividends.

“I think the worst thing that could happen right now is U.S. producers start growing rapidly again,” Ryan Lance, chairman and chief executive of ConocoPhillips, said at the IHS CERAweek conference.

Scott Sheffield, chief executive of Pioneer Natural Resources, a major Texas producer, predicted that American production would remain flat at 11 million barrels a day this year, compared with 12.8 million barrels immediately before the pandemic took hold.

Even the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and allied producers like Russia surprised many analysts this month by keeping several million barrels of oil off the market, The New York Times’s Clifford Krauss reports. OPEC’s 13 members and nine partners are pumping roughly 780,000 barrels of oil a day less than at the beginning of the year even though prices have risen by 30 percent in recent months.

Chevron said this week that it would spend $14 billion to $16 billion a year on capital projects and exploration through 2025. That is several billion dollars less than the company spent in the years before the pandemic, as the company focuses on producing the lowest-cost barrels.

“So far, these guys are refusing to take the bait,” said Raoul LeBlanc, a vice president at IHS Markit, a research and consulting firm. But he added that the investment decisions of American executives could change if oil prices climb much higher. “It’s far, far too early to say that this discipline will last.”

Credit…Rory Doyle for The New York Times

While the Biden administration’s stimulus bill, which will funnel nearly $1.9 trillion to American households, made its way through Congress, some politicians and economists began to raise concerns that it would unshackle a long-vanquished monster: inflation.

The worries reflect expectations of a rapid economic expansion as businesses reopen and the pandemic recedes. Millions are still unemployed, and layoffs remain high, The New York Times’s Nelson Schwartz and Jeanna Smialek report. But for workers with secure jobs, higher spending seems almost certain in the months ahead as vaccinations prompt Americans to get out and about, deploying savings built up over the last year.

Healthy economies tend to have gentle price increases, which give businesses room to raise wages and leave the central bank with more room to cut interest rates during times of trouble.

Over the long term, inflation can be a concern because it hurts the value of many financial assets, especially stocks and bonds. It makes everything from milk and bread to gasoline more expensive for consumers, leaving them unable to keep up if salaries stall. And once inflation becomes entrenched, it can be hard to subdue.

Inflation is expected to increase in the coming months as prices are measured against weak readings from last year. Analysts surveyed by Bloomberg expect the Consumer Price Index to hit an annual rate of 2.9 percent from April through June, easing to 2.5 percent in the three months after that before easing gradually to year-over-year gains of 2.2 percent in 2022, based on the median projection.

But those numbers are nothing like the staggering price increases of the 1970s, and evidence of renewed inflation is paltry so far.

Credit…Courtney Crow/New York Stock Exchange, via Associated Press

The stock of Coupang, a start-up in South Korea that is sometimes called the Amazon of South Korea, drifted after trading publicly for the first time in New York on Thursday.

Coupang — the company’s name is a mix of the English word “coupon” and “pang,” the Korean sound for hitting the jackpot — was founded by a Harvard Business School dropout and has shaken up shopping in South Korea, an industry long dominated by huge, button-down conglomerates.

The initial public offering raised $4.6 billion and valued Coupang at about $85 billion, the second-largest American tally for an Asian company after Alibaba Group of China in 2014. Coupang’s shares rose 6.6 percent on Friday as trading began, but fluctuated throughout the morning.

Coupang is South Korea’s biggest e-commerce retailer, its status further cemented by people stuck at home during the pandemic and those in the country who crave faster delivery. In a country where people are obsessed with “ppalli ppalli,” or getting things done quickly, Coupang has become a household name by offering “next-day” and even “same-day” and “dawn” delivery of groceries and millions of other items at no extra charge.

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Painstaking study of ‘Little Foot’ fossil sheds light on human origins

Sophisticated scanning technology is revealing intriguing secrets about Little Foot, the remarkable fossil of an early human forerunner that inhabited South Africa 3.67 million years ago during a critical juncture in our evolutionary history.

Scientists said on Tuesday they examined key parts of the nearly complete and well-preserved fossil at Britain’s national synchrotron facility, Diamond Light Source. The scanning focused upon Little Foot’s cranial vault – the upper part of her braincase — and her lower jaw, or mandible.

The researchers gained insight not only into the biology of Little Foot’s species but also into the hardships that this individual, an adult female, encountered during her life.

Little Foot’s species blended ape-like and human-like traits and is considered a possible direct ancestor of humans. University of the Witwatersrand paleoanthropologist Ron Clarke, who unearthed the fossil in the 1990s in the Sterkfontein Caves northwest of Johannesburg and is a co-author of the new study, has identified the species as Australopithecus prometheus.

Sophisticated scanning is focusing on Little Foot’s cranial vault.Diamond Light Source Ltd. / Reuters

“In the cranial vault, we could identify the vascular canals in the spongious bone that are probably involved in brain thermoregulation – how the brain cools down,” said University of Cambridge paleoanthropologist Amélie Beaudet, who led the study published in the journal e-Life.

“This is very interesting as we did not have much information about that system,” Beaudet added, noting that it likely played a key role in the threefold brain size increase from Australopithecus to modern humans.

Little Foot’s teeth also were revealing.

“The dental tissues are really well preserved. She was relatively old since her teeth are quite worn,” Beaudet said, though Little Foot’s precise age has not yet been determined.

The researchers spotted defects in the tooth enamel indicative of two childhood bouts of physiological stress such as disease or malnutrition.

“There is still a lot to learn about early hominin biology,” said study co-author Thomas Connolley, principal beamline scientist at Diamond, using a term encompassing modern humans and certain extinct members of the human evolutionary lineage. “Synchrotron X-ray imaging enables examination of fossil specimens in a similar way to a hospital X-ray CT-scan of a patient, but in much greater detail.”

Little Foot, whose moniker reflects the small foot bones that were among the first elements of the skeleton found, stood roughly 4-foot-3-inches (130 cm) tall. Little Foot has been compared in importance to the fossil called Lucy that is about 3.2 million years old and less complete.

The fossil skull of Little Foot. Diamond Light Source Ltd. / Reuters

Both are species of the genus Australopithecus but possessed different biological traits, just as modern humans and Neanderthals are species of the same genus – Homo – but had different characteristics. Lucy’s species is called Australopithecus afarensis.

“Australopithecus could be the direct ancestor of Homo – humans – and we really need to learn more about the different species of Australopithecus to be able to decide which one would be the best candidate to be our direct ancestor,” Beaudet said.

Our own species, Homo sapiens, first appeared roughly 300,000 years ago.

The synchrotron findings build on previous research on Little Foot.

The species was able to walk fully upright, but had traits suggesting it also still climbed trees, perhaps sleeping there to avoid large predators. It had gorilla-like facial features and powerful hands for climbing. Its legs were longer than its arms, as in modern humans, making this the most-ancient hominin definitively known to have that trait.

“All previous Australopithecus skeletal remains have been partial and fragmentary,” Clarke said.

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Skull of rare dinosaur sheds light on creature’s bizarre hollow head tube

A reconstruction of the head of the Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus based on newly discovered remains.


Andrey Atuchin

A spectacularly preserved partial skull belonging to the rare dinosaur species Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus has been discovered and analyzed for the first time in 97 years. 

The skull, detailed in a new study in the journal PeerJ, shows off the intact structure of the creature’s signature tube-shaped nasal passage, offering new clues into the evolution of the bizarre crest, a subject of debate among paleontologists for decades. 

“My jaw dropped when I first saw the fossil,” Terry Gates, a paleontologist from North Carolina State University and lead author of the paper, said in a statement Monday. “I’ve been waiting for nearly 20 years to see a specimen of this quality.” 

The tube-like crest had an internal network of airways for breathing, but it could have also been used for communicating. 

“Over the past 100 years, ideas for the purpose of the exaggerated tube crest have ranged from snorkels to super sniffers,” said David Evans, vice president of natural history at the Royal Ontario Museum. “But after decades of study, we now think these crests functioned primarily as sound resonators and visual displays used to communicate within their own species.”

Here’s a closer look at the skull of Parasaurolophus as originally exposed in the badlands of New Mexico. 


Doug Shore/Denver Museum of Nature and Science

The partial dinosaur skull was discovered by Smithsonian ecology fellow Erin Spear in 2017 while Spear explored northwestern New Mexico as part of a Denver Museum of Nature and Science team of paleontologists.

The three species of Parasaurolophus currently recognized have been found in dig sites from Alberta, Canada, all the way to New Mexico, in rocks that date back between 77 million and 73.5 million years. 

This is a reconstruction of a group of Parasaurolophus dinosaurs crossing paths with a tyrannosaurid in the subtropical forests of New Mexico, 75 million years ago.


Andrey Atuchin/Denver Museum of Nature and Science

The new study found for the first time a way to connect the tube-crested dinosaur species found in southern North America to the northern species found in Alberta, Canada. The skull specimen shows that the dinosaur’s crest was formed much like the crests of other, related duck-billed dinosaurs. 

“This specimen is a wonderful example of amazing creatures evolving from a single ancestor,” said Joe Sertich, curator of dinosaurs at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science and the leader of the team that discovered the skull. 

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

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