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World

Jakarta pollution lawsuit: residents win battle for clean air against Indonesian government

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The long-awaited decision ends a two-year legal challenge brought by 32 Jakarta citizens against Indonesian President Joko Widodo, three cabinet ministers, the Jakarta governor, and two provincial leaders. The court ruled that the defendants were guilty of “committing “unlawful acts” and failing to combat air pollution in the national capital.

They had violated the country’s environmental protection laws, said the verdict, which called on top officials to establish a national ambient air quality standard, among a number of other measures.

Jakarta, home to more than 10.5 million people, consistently ranks among the world’s worst cities for air pollution.

“We hope all defendants accept this verdict, because they also live here,” Aqsa said. “We hope that they abide by this verdict by executing all points through their action and strategic planning.”

The lawyer for the defendants, who were not present in court on Thursday, declined to comment on the verdict when contacted by CNN.

Before the ruling, Leonard Simanjuntak, country director for Greenpeace Indonesia and a plaintiff in the lawsuit as a private citizen, said several claimants had faced significant health problems from breathing Jakarta’s “dirty air.”

He cited asthma, skin problems and the case of one plaintiff who developed an upper respiratory tract infection after moving to the city.

The citizens claimed the government had been negligent in upholding its obligations in managing Jakarta’s air pollution, and had failed to fulfill residents’ right to clean air.

“Not all of us have the same sensitivities, but there are those experiencing health problems related to the dirty air we breathe,” Simanjuntak said.

Choking on smog

Indonesia is Southeast Asia’s most polluted country, and Jakarta is the world’s 10th most-polluted capital, according to the 2020 World Air Quality Report by IQAir.

Air pollution is often measured by the concentration of PM2.5 — microscopic particles that contain pollutants such as sulfate, nitrates and black carbon. They are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and can cause severe health problems including lung cancer, coronary heart disease, strokes and early death.

The World Health Organization (WHO) sets the standard for PM2.5 in safe ambient air quality at 10 micrograms per cubic meter. In Indonesia, the national safe standard set by the government is 15 micrograms per cubic meter.

But in Jakarta, readings regularly far exceed both levels — with an average annual PM2.5 concentration of 39.6 micrograms per cubic meter, according to the IQAir report.

Rapid urbanization and high levels of traffic congestion are the main contributors to Jakarta’s poor air quality, according to a study by the Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA). Coal-fired power plants on the city’s outskirts also play a role, the study said.

Citizens challenge the government

Yuyun Ismawati, co-founder of environmental group Nexus3 Foundation, said she joined the lawsuit after becoming fed up with the city’s bad air.

“This citizen lawsuit is for me to advocate and to uphold the right to health for everyone, especially for children and for their future,” she said.

She said her two-year-old grandson had developed symptoms of the skin condition eczema after sitting on the balcony of her family’s 15th floor apartment in central Jakarta.

“The doctor said we should try to reduce my grandson’s exposure to the outdoor air,” she added. “This is ridiculous because the sun is supposed to be good for him, but he can’t be outside because of the air?”

Before the ruling, Yuyun and other campaigners said they hoped a court victory would pressure the government to to enforce national air quality standards in Jakarta.

She also said they wanted local and national governments to enforce environmental safeguards, place strict regulations on coal-powered plants, and be transparent on air pollution policies.

Simanjuntak, from Greenpeace, said it was almost impossible to avoid being affected by bad air when traveling on Jakarta’s roads. “Even a mask couldn’t really protect you,” he said.

Before the ruling, he said he hoped the judgment would compel the government to commit resources to making Jakarta’s air more breathable.

“What we demand is comprehensive policy reform in terms of regulatory framework, higher ambient air quality standards to be adopted based on WHO standards,” Simanjuntak said.

In a brief written in support of the lawsuit, United Nations special rapporteur for human rights and the environment, David R. Boyd, said: “Air pollution is a major problem in Indonesia causing hundreds of thousands of premature deaths annually.” He added the “problems are particularly severe in Jakarta.”

“I respectfully submit that the failure of Indonesian governments to improve substandard outdoor air quality in Jakarta, especially when they have failed to act with the requisite degree of urgency and diligence in the face of prolonged and persistent exceedances of air quality standards, is a violation of the constitutional right to a good and healthy environment,” he wrote.

Efforts don’t go far enough

When the lawsuit was filed in July 2019, the government denied the city’s air quality had deteriorated, and urged the media not to “dramatize” the situation.

Irvan Pulungan, climate change envoy for Jakarta’s governor, said the government had tried to improve the city’s air quality over the past two years.

He said after the lawsuit was filed Jakarta’s regional government passed numerous regulations, including installing solar panels in government buildings, testing vehicle emissions, improving public transport infrastructure, developing bicycle lanes, and encouraging people to use public transport.

But the plaintiffs said those efforts don’t go far enough. They said Jakarta’s air pollution also comes from outside the city’s borders — from industrial facilities and coal plants in neighboring provinces and satellite cities.

That’s why they also sued the governors of the neighboring provinces of Banten and West Java, and Widodo.

But the response from the provincial governors and the national government had been minimal and underwhelming, the plaintiffs said.

Before the ruling, Yuyun said hoped the campaigners’ court victory would more than just symbolic, and that the ruling would local and national governments to prioritize action on air pollution.

“I’m advocating for the ecological child rights for my grandson and all the children who will have to continue coping with this poor air quality,” she said. “We as adults are responsible for their quality of life.”

Journalist Masrur Jamal Jamaluddin in Jakarta, and Akanksha Sharma in Hong Kong contributed to this report.

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Technology

All of the ways the new iPad mini is better than the iPad Air: cameras, processor, 5G, and more

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The new iPad mini introduced yesterday has several key improvements over the 4th generation iPad Air that the company introduced last year. Unfortunately, Apple did not refresh the iPad Air with these updates and instead opted to keep selling the existing model alongside the new iPad mini. We’ve put all of the differences between the two devices together, so keep reading to learn more about why the new iPad mini is technically better than the iPad Air.

Better cameras

The first key difference is the FaceTime camera. The iPad mini has a new 12MP ultra wide front-facing camera with center stage support like the new iPad Pros introduced in April. The iPad Air has a 7MP regular FaceTime HD camera. The iPad mini’s front camera also gains a larger f/2.4 aperture, 2x zoom out, extended dynamic range for video, and 1080p recording at 25 fps, 30 fps, and 60 fps.

The rear camera on iPad mini is also 12MP like iPad Air, but it gains a quad-LED True Tone flash. This addition is presumably due to the more portable nature of the iPad mini. The video camera capabilities have improved substantially. The iPad mini gains the ability to shoot 1080p HD video in 25 fps and 30 fps as well as a new extended dynamic range for video up to 30 fps.

Improved processor

Another major hardware difference is the processor onboard. The iPad mini has the all-new 5-nanometer A15 Bionic chip that’s also in the iPhone 13, whereas the iPad Air continues to use the A14 chip from last year.

As has been reported by several outlets, the A15 appears to be a marginal improvement over the A14 chip, so you won’t necessarily notice any performance differences in day-to-day use. But you may get an extra year of software updates in the long term.

5G compatibility

iPad mini cellular models have 5G compatibility, unlike the iPad Air which remains LTE only. Apple has also added compatibility for 2 additional gigabit LTE bands. While 5G may not make a significant difference to a lot of people, it will to folks who live in areas where 5G is prominent and faster than LTE.

Denser display pixels

While the key difference between the iPad mini and the iPad Air is the size of their displays, the quality of those displays also diverges. iPad mini has a 2266×1488 Liquid Retina display and is 326 pixels per inch. The iPad Air’s display is 2360×1640 and is 264 pixels per inch. The pixel density on the iPad mini is far superior to the iPad Air.

Other features of the display remain the same as the iPad Air. The mini also has True Tone, P3 wide color, full lamination, and an oleophobic coating. It also gets as bright as 500 nits like the iPad Air.

New seasonal color options

The only obvious visual differences between the iPad Air and the iPad mini are the color options. The iPad mini is available in three brand new colors: pink, starlight, and purple in addition to the regular space gray. iPad Air is still available in sky blue, rose gold, green, silver, and space gray. In other words, the new iPad mini better matches the most recent Apple devices like the iPhone 13 and Apple Watch Series 7.

Pricing & availability

The new iPad mini starts at $499, $100 less than the iPad Air. With the improved technical specifications it’s a great deal. The only key thing you lose with iPad mini is compatibility with the smart keyboard folio and the magic keyboard. Although buyers who choose the iPad mini are unlikely to want to use it with a keyboard anyway.

The iPad mini is available in the same two 64GB and 256GB configurations with optional cellular connectivity. You can order the new iPad mini now and it will be available in-stores or delivered next Friday the 24th.

5th generation iPad Air?

It’s unclear when Apple will update the iPad Air with the features added to the iPad mini like the better cameras, 5G, and A15 processor. MacOtakara has previously reported that we will see a new model sometime in 2022. It’s expected to include an improved display, 5G, dual cameras, and more. Although take this with a grain of salt, as the same report said the iPad mini would not see a major design overhaul as it did yesterday. DigiTimes has also stated that the iPad Air will likely adopt an OLED display for the first time. We can probably expect the next iPad Air to come in the same new colors as the iPad mini if it is unveiled early in 2022.

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Science

Scientists Just Identified Another Mysterious Surge in The Atmosphere Due to Humans

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Levels of molecular hydrogen (H2) in the atmosphere have surged in modern times due to human activity, according to new research.

When scientists analyzed air samples trapped in drilled cores of Antarctica’s ice, they found atmospheric hydrogen had increased 70 percent over the course of the 20th century.

 

Even as recent air pollution laws have sought to curb fossil fuel emissions, hydrogen emissions have continued to surge with no signs of slowing down. And there’s a chance that leakage is to blame.

Molecular hydrogen is a natural component of our atmosphere due to the breakdown of formaldehyde, but it is also a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion, especially from automobile exhaust, and biomass burning.

While hydrogen doesn’t trap heat in the atmosphere on its own, it can indirectly impact the distribution of methane and ozone. After carbon dioxide, these are the two most important greenhouse gases, which means global hydrogen levels can also perturb the climate.

Nevertheless, the sources and sinks of atmospheric hydrogen are rarely studied. We don’t even have a good estimate of how much humans have emitted since industrial times.

The current study is the first to offer up a solid figure. Between 1852 and 2003, air samples from near the South Pole of Antarctica suggest atmospheric hydrogen jumped from 330 parts per billion to 550 parts per billion.

“Aging air is trapped in the perennial snowpack above an ice sheet, and sampling it gives us a highly accurate account of atmospheric composition over time,” explains Earth scientist John Patterson from the University of California Irvine.

 

“Our paleoatmospheric reconstruction of H2 levels has greatly enhanced our understanding of anthropogenic emissions since the beginning of the industrial revolution.”

The news isn’t exactly good. As it turns out, we may have been significantly underestimating our hydrogen emissions.

Some tailpipe emissions have been mitigated in recent years with the use of catalytic converters, and ideally we would have seen hydrogen emissions decrease or even plateau as well.

Yet hydrogen levels have continued to rise in the atmosphere, almost uninterrupted.

“[W]e are likely underestimating nonautomotive sources of the gas,” says Patterson.

Instead, there must be another rapidly increasing source that is offsetting our progress in the automobile industry – we just don’t know where it’s coming from.

This isn’t the only dataset to identify such a discrepancy. Prior research has also shown a consistent rise in hydrogen from 2000 and 2015, distinct from trends in other forms of exhaust pollution.

In terms of human-caused emissions, hydrogen emissions are thought to mostly come from automobile exhaust, but hydrogen leakage from industrial processes is rarely considered.

No one has directly measured how much hydrogen leaks from these processes, but initial estimates suggest it could be significant. 

 

A 10 percent leakage rate between 1985 and 2005 would account for roughly half the rise in recent hydrogen emissions, researchers estimate.

They can’t be sure this is where the hydrogen is coming from – hydrogen emissions from coal combustion are also seriously understudied – but the authors argue it’s worth investigating more.

Especially since green hydrogen processes, which split hydrogen from water to create carbon-free power, could also result in substantial leakage if they are one day scaled up, as some climate scientists and environmentalists hope they will be.

This isn’t a new worry. It’s a concern scientists have been pointing out for years now.

If hydrogen one day leaks from industrialized hydrogen gas plants, experts are troubled it could increase the lifetime of methane in our atmosphere, a greenhouse gas 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide.

Although, even with a small percentage of leaks, a global hydrogen economy would likely have far lower climate impacts than our existing fossil fuel-based energy system, researchers estimate.

Scientists are now on the hunt to find the mysterious source of hydrogen we seem to have been missing all along. If at least some of it turns out to be leakage, the future of green hydrogen might have a problem in need of solving.

The study was published in PNAS.

 

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Science

6 Questions to Ask About Covid and Air Quality at Work

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Whether you’ve already returned to your workplace or will be heading back to the office eventually, it’s a good idea to ask what steps your employer has taken to improve indoor air quality.

The more time we spend indoors with other people, the more likely we are to breathe each other’s exhaled air — and germs. The vast majority of scientists now agree that the coronavirus is airborne, and infectious droplets can linger in the air, float around the room or build up in spaces with poor air flow, like conference rooms. Early in the pandemic, a coronavirus outbreak on the 11th floor of an office building in South Korea showed how just one infectious person can increase the risk for everyone in a workplace. Out of 216 people on the floor, 94 were infected. Most of the infected worked in rows of desks grouped on one side of the office.

Even before Covid-19, it was clear that indoor air quality could affect workers’ health. A well known Harvard study of more than 3,000 workers showed that sick leave increased by 53 percent among employees in poorly ventilated areas.

While vaccination requirements and masking remain a first line of defense against Covid-19, ventilation improvements in schools and workplaces are essential to stopping the spread of the coronavirus, said Dr. Ashish K. Jha, dean of the Brown University School of Public Health.

“Improving indoor air quality can be a really powerful tool,” said Dr. Jha.

In addition to asking questions about ventilation, you should ask about vaccination policies, staggered workdays to reduce capacity, Covid testing plans, mask requirements and how the building is monitoring outside workers, like delivery people and cleaning crews.

And while some of the technical details around air quality can be confusing, you don’t have to be a ventilation expert to figure out what extra precautions your employer has taken to keep you safer during the pandemic. Asking about efforts to improve indoor air quality can help you make decisions about how much time you might spend there, whether to mask up or buy a portable air cleaner or whether to change your work schedule or work from home, if it’s an option.

Here are six questions you can ask your human resources or facilities office, depending on who handles return-to-office questions at your workplace. The questions are also useful for asking about air quality improvements at gyms, in classrooms and even in restaurants and other public spaces. Note that most buildings won’t implement all of these changes, but even one or two of them can make a difference.

Most newer buildings rely on mechanical heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, known as HVAC, that use a combination of air filters and outdoor air to dilute and remove viral particles and other pollutants. Buildings can take a number of steps to improve the performance of ventilation systems and increase the amount of fresh air, including:

The filters used in ventilation systems have what’s known as a MERV rating (MERV stands for Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values). The higher the rating, the better the filter is at trapping specific types of particles.

Before the pandemic, many buildings used MERV 8 filters, which allow for comfort and energy efficiency but aren’t designed for infection control. New industry guidelines advise buildings to upgrade to at least a MERV 13 filter, which traps 85 percent or more of risky particles. However, not every ventilation system can upgrade to a MERV 13 filter. In some cases, a MERV 11 filter may be the highest grade filter the system can handle.

To save energy, some systems monitor building occupancy based on carbon dioxide levels, which rise when we exhale. When fewer people are in the building, the system reduces the rate of outdoor air. “It’s a way to stop ventilating the space to save money,” said Richard Corsi, incoming dean of the College of Engineering at University of California, Davis. “But after people leave an area, we need to continue to ventilate so we can purge the space of any aerosol particles left in the air.”

Air quality experts recommend adjusting outdoor air dampers, which are movable plates that can bring in more outside air. This isn’t advised in communities with poor outdoor air quality, such as areas with active wildfires.

Don’t be intimidated when asking about ventilation systems. A company that has done the work will have answers at the ready, and the right answers will be obvious. Recently I suggested that my friend ask his gym what it had done to improve ventilation. He is vaccinated and only goes to the gym when it’s not busy, but the reply was encouraging

“We have increased the heating ventilation air conditioning (HVAC) filters to hospital-grade MERV 13,” they wrote. “And opened outdoor HVAC dampers to achieve a higher level of air exchange in the center.”

Some older buildings and classrooms may not have modern ventilation systems, but simply opening windows can improve air quality. A recent study of infected college students in an isolation dormitory at the University of Oregon found that opening a window could reduce the amount of coronavirus in a room by half.

While opening a window can help, the effect is greater if you can cross ventilate by opening windows on different sides of the room. Open windows aren’t practical during cold weather or in areas with poor outdoor air quality. Adding box fans to windows and turning on exhaust fans in kitchen and bathroom areas can also improve ventilation in homes and in buildings without modern systems.

The air changes per hour, or ACH, number is the industry standard to indicate how often the air in a room is replaced by outdoor air. (Cleaning the air with filters can create the equivalent of air change.) While some experts suggest four to six air changes per hour (that’s fresh or clean air every 10 to 15 minutes), many buildings fall short of that standard. It’s recommended that schools have an ACH of at least 3, but many classrooms are closer to 1.5, experts say. Airplanes and newer hospitals may have anywhere from 10 to 20 air changes per hour. Air change rates or their equivalent can be improved by upgrading the overall ventilation system or filters, increasing the amount of outdoor air (by opening windows or ventilation dampers), adding exhaust fans or by adding portable air filters.

While there’s no magic number for air change rates to avoid Covid-19, the higher the better, said Dr. Corsi.

Portable air cleaners equipped with HEPA filters can do a surprisingly good job of removing viral particles from the air, but only if the right machine is used for the size of the space. Look for a machine with a clean air delivery rate, or CADR, of at least 300 cubic feet per minute, and read the manufacturer guidance for choosing room size. You may need more than one machine for a larger space. The Association for Home Appliance Manufacturers has a guide for buying air cleaners.

Adding an air cleaner can partly compensate for a less efficient ventilation system, depending on the size of the room. In some cases, “one of these little portable air cleaners can effectively double the ventilation rate in the classroom,” said Dr. Corsi.

A study in a Melbourne hospital recently showed that adding two portable air cleaners to a patient’s room eliminated 99 percent of aerosols in minutes, reportedly raising the protection level equal to about 30 air changes per hour.

Carbon dioxide sensors can indicate how well a ventilation system is working. Virus scientists and air quality experts sometimes carry portable CO2 detection devices. Linsey Marr of Virginia Tech, one of the world’s leading experts on viral transmission, has used such a device to check levels at her gym and in grocery stores.

“Carbon dioxide is in our exhaled breath,” said Dr. Marr. “If the levels get high indoors, it means people’s exhaled breath is building up, and that exhaled breath of course could contain virus if someone is infected.”

Howard County public schools, in Maryland, use CO2 sensors in school cafeterias to monitor air quality. If your company isn’t using CO2 monitoring, you can buy your own machine for $100 to $200. In general, you don’t want the CO2 number to rise above 800. In gyms, where people are breathing heavily, Dr. Marr advises leaving or masking up if the number goes above 600.

Many companies are installing what the Environmental Protection Agency calls “emerging technologies,” including one called a needlepoint bipolar ionization system. The system claims to use positive and negative particles to help remove viruses from the air. But many of the world’s leading experts on indoor air quality, including Joseph Allen at Harvard and Shelly Miller at the University of Colorado, Boulder, have questioned the effectiveness of the technology. “There’s a reason you haven’t seen a single indoor air quality expert recommend this technology,” tweeted Dr. Allen.

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), which makes recommendations about indoor air quality standards, has said that bipolar ionization is one of several unproven technologies. “Convincing, scientifically rigorous, peer-reviewed studies do not currently exist on these emerging technologies,” the group has said.

The E.P.A. has said another concern is that the devices can create potentially harmful byproducts. “As typical of newer technologies, the evidence for safety and effectiveness is less documented than for more established ones, such as filtration,” the agency wrote on its website. “Bipolar ionization has the potential to generate ozone and other potentially harmful byproducts indoors.”

Despite skepticism about the technology, many workplaces are installing them anyway.

“These companies have done a great job of marketing,” said Dr. Marr. “It makes businesses feel like they’ve done something.”



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US

‘All-clear’ given after Wright-Patterson Air Force Base locked down amid reports of active shooter

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Security forces were conducting sweeps at Ohio’s Wright-Patterson Air Force Base late Thursday after reports of an active shooter but within hours an “all-clear” was given, according to reports. 

Security officers see outside Wright-Patterson Air Force Base . (WRGT)

Security officers see outside Wright-Patterson Air Force Base . (WRGT)

The all-clear was reported over the base’s loudspeaker public address system more than four hours after two people reported hearing shots fired, according to FOX 8 in Cleveland. 

The entire base was on lockdown, but emergency responders focused on the base’s National Air and Space Intelligence Center in Area A, according to a tweet from the 88th Air Base Wing. 

The base’s loudspeaker could be heard from outside the base saying, “Lockdown, lockdown, lockdown,” according to WHIO.com.

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Wright-Patterson is Ohio’s largest single-site employer with more than 27,000 civilian employees and military personnel, the Associated Press reported.

The Associated Press contributed to this report

This is a breaking news story. Check back for updates

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US

Report of active shooter forces lockdown at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base – WHIO TV 7 and WHIO Radio

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Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is on lockdown Thursday night after reports of an active shooter.

The lockdown was reported around 9:20 p.m.

Base officials said there are reports of an active shooter in building 856, which is located in the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) area of the base on Area A.

Security forces are currently sweeping the building, according to a Facebook post from the 88th Air Base Wing’s Facebook page.

The base’s “Giant Voice” loudspeaker is active and audible from outside the base.

“Lockdown Lockdown Lockdown,” is the message currently over the loudspeaker.

Additional details are not available. We’re working to learn more.

©2021 Cox Media Group

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At approximately 9:25 p.m., emergency responders responded to a report of an active shooter in the National Air and...

Posted by 88th Air Base Wing on Thursday, September 9, 2021

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Health

Utah’s Air Quality Is Worsening During Drought

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SALT LAKE CITY — Kevin Perry had just begun his morning routine, stepping outside to get the newspaper, when he noticed something was wrong with the sky.

“Within 30 seconds, I was coughing and my throat hurt,” Dr. Perry, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Utah, said of that morning in August. “It was the absolute worst air quality I’ve ever experienced in my life.”

Shrouded in smoke drifting from California’s colossal wildfires 500 miles away, Salt Lake City had on that morning edged past smog-choked megacities like New Delhi and Jakarta to register the most polluted air of any major city in the world.

The grim distinction alarmed both longtime residents and newcomers to Utah, where a red-hot economy and easy access to outdoor pursuits like skiing and mountain biking are fueling the fastest-growing population of any state.

But the consequences of the growth, including more vehicles on the road, and this summer’s wildfire smoke are aggravating an already bleak deterioration in air quality brought on by a prolonged drought.

Scientists say the drought, plus water diversions, has shriveled the Great Salt Lake, the country’s largest body of water after the Great Lakes, to its lowest levels in more than a century. The result is vast areas of parched lake bed, similar to the dried-up Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union, exposing millions of people in Utah to dust storms laced with arsenic and other toxic elements.

“Every time the wind blows, we’re subject to the dust from these dry lake beds being scattered all over,” said Dr. Brian Moench, president of Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment. “There are residuals of pesticides and agricultural chemicals that migrated into the lake over many decades.”

For the moment, the slow-motion ecological disaster of the shrinking Great Salt Lake appears to stand in contrast to the vibrancy of Salt Lake City, a nerve center for a $1.5 billion skiing industry that is also home to outdoor clothing companies like Black Diamond, Cotopaxi and Kuhl.

But while the outdoor recreation industry relies on blue-sky imagery, scientists say that air quality around the Wasatch Front, the metropolitan region where about 80 percent of people in Utah live, is getting much worse than many residents realize.

The bowl-like topography of the valley that includes Salt Lake City creates an inversion that traps air pollution — generally during the wintertime — from sources like motor vehicle exhaust. It is much like the situation in Santiago, the Chilean capital cradled in mountains that is one of Latin America’s most polluted cities.

A newer problem throughout the year, amplified by the population boom, is ground-level ozone pollution from sources such as power plants and cars, which can increase the frequency of asthma attacks and aggravate lung diseases like emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

The Environmental Protection Agency in 2018 designated the northern Wasatch Front airshed, which includes part of the Salt Lake City area, as being in violation of federal ozone standards. The move spawned bitter political quarreling over whether Utah’s petroleum and mining industries were pushing ozone levels higher.

Expressing alarm over the deteriorating air quality, especially in the winter, the skiing magazine Powder warned, “We may start to see visitors in Salt Lake traveling with gas masks along with their ski gear.”

The wildfire smoke now blowing in from California, where several large blazes continue to burn, is also an extraordinarily toxic form of pollution. The particles can be much smaller than those from smokestacks, making them easier to inhale and get picked up by the bloodstream.

Then there is the shriveling of the Great Salt Lake. While the lake’s water level has fluctuated greatly over time, the U.S. Geological Survey found in July that it had reached its lowest mark since measurements began in 1875.

When at its average water elevation, the lake, which accumulates salt and other minerals because it has no outlet to the ocean, spreads over 1,700 square miles. But it spans only about 950 square miles today after losing 44 percent of its surface area, an area larger than the city of Houston.

The lake’s shrinkage makes for surreal scenes. On Antelope Island, near a once-bustling marina that is now idled and empty, dozens of microbialites, the reeflike mounds created by millions of microbes, stand exposed to the air.

Because the lake’s brine shrimp and brine flies rely on the microbialites as their primary food source, and because millions of birds feed on the shrimp and flies, falling water levels could trigger a collapse in the lake’s food chain if more microbialites are threatened, according to a study in July by the Utah Geological Survey.

Elsewhere around the Great Salt Lake, visitors who could once enjoy picnic tables at shore’s edge must now trek across a dry lake bed to dip their toes in the water; shipwrecks have begun emerging as the water recedes.

Julie Mattingly, commodore of the Great Salt Lake Yacht Club, which was founded in 1877, said dozens of boats at risk of being stuck in the lake bed were removed this year and placed in dry storage.

“There’s no yachting at the moment on the lake,” Ms. Mattingly said, adding that membership in the club had dwindled this year from about 100 members to 13. Now, she said, members do “land cruises,” where they drive around and look at historic sites along the lake.

The Great Salt Lake’s decline has drawn comparisons to the crisis around the Aral Sea, which was once the world’s fourth-largest body of inland water. It began drying up in the 1960s when the former Soviet Union built water diversion projects to irrigate parts of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

Now much of the area is one of the world’s youngest deserts, which unleashes dust storms on almost a weekly basis and is known by some as the Aral Sands. Closer to Utah, scientists also compare the collapsing water levels to Owens Lake in California, which had its water diverted to Los Angeles about a century ago.

Since then, Owens Lake has also emerged as a site of huge dust storms, turning into the country’s largest single source of PM 10, a type of particle pollution that can irritate the eyes, nose and throat.

“We’ve seen this happen at terminal basin lakes around the world,” said Dr. Perry, the atmospheric scientist. He said the prolonged drought had resulted in disappointing snowfall in surrounding mountains; while the lake can gain up to two feet from spring runoff, the smaller snowpack over the winter raised its level by just six inches.

Another factor involves Utah’s policies of diverting fresh water from the sources that feed the lake. More than 60 percent of the redirected water goes to agriculture.

“We divert too much water from the Great Salt Lake,” Dr. Perry said.

As the lake continues to shrink, the consequences of such policies are raising alarm. A study by researchers at Brigham Young University, the University of Utah and Middlebury College in Vermont showed that 90 percent of dust in the Wasatch Front came from dry lake beds.

“There’s the potential there for a very large impact from that dust on our population,” said Bryce Bird, director of the Utah Division of Air Quality, referring to drying areas of the Great Salt Lake.

At the same time, demand for water is soaring in Utah as its population climbs higher. While the entire state is in severe drought, according to the National Drought Mitigation Center, many homeowners in Salt Lake City maintain lush lawns.

Utah stands in contrast to other parched states in the West that have moved more aggressively to limit water consumption, such as Nevada, which this year banned “nonfunctional” grass, including some lawns. Gov. Spencer Cox recently said he was exploring the possibility of similar measures in Utah.

Despite the concerns over water supplies and the Great Salt Lake, Utah’s water consumption dwarfs that of many other states, including in other arid climates. Sarah Null, a professor of watershed studies at Utah State University, said the state uses about 150 to 200 gallons a day per person.

Still, Jaimi Butler, coordinator of the Great Salt Lake Institute at Westminster College, said the already dire air quality readings were set to get worse. “All of this is happening while we aren’t really seeing the effects of climate change yet,” she said.

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World

China sends 19 aircraft into Taiwan’s air defence zone | Taiwan

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China’s military sent 19 aircraft into Taiwan’s “air defence identification zone” on Sunday, including several nuclear-capable bombers, on the eve of Taipei’s annual war games exercises.

The sortie by China’s People’s Liberation Army air force was one of the largest in weeks, and included 10 J-16 and four Su-30 fighters, as well as four H-6 bombers, which can carry nuclear weapons, and an anti-submarine aircraft.

The planes flew a short distance from the coast of China towards the southern tip of Taiwan, north of the disputed Pratas Island, and into Taiwan’s air defence identification zone (Adiz). The area is not Taiwan’s territorial airspace but the sorties provoke Taiwan’s air force to scramble jets in response, and on Sunday missile monitoring systems were also deployed.

PLA flights towards Taiwan have increased in the last 18 months, with periods of near-daily flights involving a usually small number of planes. The largest recorded was 28 planes sent in June. Planes have also been sent past Taiwan and up the island’s east coast.

While activity has been increasing generally, large incursions by the PLA usually appear to be in response to particular events, for instance US arms sales to Taiwan, or military activity in or near the Taiwan Strait.

It was not clear what prompted Sunday’s action, but Taiwan’s annual large scale live-fire exercises are set to begin next weekend, with rehearsal drills held on Monday. In recent weeks, military vessels from the US and the UK have also sailed through the region, with a US warship and a US Coast Guard cutter going through the Taiwan Strait.

The Taiwan strait and nearby South China and East China Seas are geopolitically sensitive and the site of increasing Chinese expansionist activities. Beijing considers Taiwan to be a province of China under what it calls the “one China principle”, and has not ruled out the use of force to “reunite” it. It considers the Tsai Ing-wen-led Taiwanese government to be separatist. Tsai’s administration maintains that Taiwan is already an independent state.

There is growing speculation over the likelihood of Beijing, under the leadership of Xi Jinping, deciding to move on Taiwan. The potential circumstances and timing is vociferously debated, but there is general consensus that the risk is higher now than it has been for decades.

In a report to parliament last month, Taiwan’s defence ministry said China has the capability to “paralyse” the island’s defences, including through cyber-attacks, Reuters reported.

China “can combine with its internet army to launch wired and wireless attacks against the global internet, which would initially paralyse our air defences, command of the sea and counter-attack system abilities, presenting a huge threat to us”, the ministry’s report said.

As China has become more isolated on the world stage, modernised its military, and expanded its activities in border and disputed regions, tensions have grown between its government and Taiwan and its supporters. The US maintains a policy that does not guarantee or rule out coming to Taiwan’s defence in the event of an attack, but under president Donald Trump the US increased its arms sales to Taiwan, and the Biden administration has reaffirmed support.

Japan has also become increasingly vocal with its concerns over the China threat. Its deputy prime minister remarked in July that an attack on Taiwan could be considered an existential threat to Japan – which would trigger constitutional permissions for the country to engage militarily. Under a 2015 reinterpretation of its pacifist, post-second world war constitution, Japan says it can use force to come to the aid of an ally, with the justification that failing to do so could endanger Japan.

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Science

Ingenuity Is So Good, NASA’s Mars Helicopter Mission Just Got an Exciting Update

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It was only supposed to fly five times. And yet NASA’s helicopter on Mars, Ingenuity, has completed 12 flights and it isn’t ready to retire.

Given its stunning and unexpected success, the US space agency has extended Ingenuity’s mission indefinitely.

 

The tiny helicopter has become the regular travel companion of the rover Perseverance, whose core mission is to seek signs of ancient life on Mars.

“Everything is working so well,” said Josh Ravich, the head of Ingenuity’s mechanical engineering team. “We’re doing better on the surface than we had expected.”

Hundreds of people contributed to the project, though only about a dozen currently retain day-to-day roles.

Ravich joined the team five years ago.

“When I got the opportunity to come work on the helicopter project, I think I had the same reaction as anybody else: ‘Is that even possible?'”

His initial doubts were understandable: The air on Mars has a density equivalent to only one percent that of Earth’s atmosphere. By way of comparison, flying a helicopter on Mars would be like flying one in the thin air nearly 20 miles (30 kilometers) above Earth.

Nor was it easy getting to Mars in the first place. Ingenuity had to withstand the initial shock of takeoff from Earth, and then of the February 18 landing on the red planet following a seven-month voyage through space, strapped to the rover’s belly.

Once in its new surroundings, the tiny (four pound, or 1.8 kilogram) copter has had to survive the glacial cold of Martian nights, drawing warmth from the solar panels that charge its batteries during the day. And its flights are guided using an array of sensors, since the 15-minute lag in communications from Earth makes real-time guidance impossible.

 

Scouting duties

On April 19, Ingenuity carried out its maiden flight, making history as the first motorized craft to fly on another planet.

Exceeding all expectations, it has gone on to fly 11 more times.

“We’ve actually been able to handle winds greater than we had expected,” Ravich told AFP.

“I think by flight three we had actually accomplished all of our engineering goals … (and) got all the information we had hoped to get,” said Ravich, who works for NASA’s famed Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which developed the helicopter.

Since then, Ingenuity has flown as high as 39 feet (12 meters), and its last flight lasted two minutes and 49 seconds. In all, it has covered a distance of 1.6 miles.

In May, Ingenuity flew its first one-way mission, landing outside the relatively flat “airfield” that had been carefully selected as its initial home.

But not all has gone smoothly. Its sixth flight brought some excitement.

After being knocked dangerously off-balance by a malfunction affecting the photos taken in flight to help it stabilize, the tiny craft was able to recover. It landed, safe and sound, and the problem was resolved.

Ingenuity is now being sent out to scout the way for Perseverance, using its high-resolution color camera.

The purpose is twofold: to chart a path for the rover that is safe, but also which is of scientific interest, notably in geological terms.

 

Ken Farley, who heads Perseverance’s science team, explained how photos taken by Ingenuity during its 12th flight showed that a region dubbed South Seitha was of less interest than scientists had hoped.

As a result, the rover might not be sent there.

Favorable conditions

After more than six months on the red planet, the little drone-like craft has gained a growing following on Earth, featured on coffee cups and T-shirts sold on the internet.

What explains its longevity?

“The environment has been very cooperative so far: the temperatures, the wind, the sun, the dust in the air… It’s still very cold, but it could have been a lot worse,” said Ravich.

In theory, the helicopter should be able to keep operating for some time. But the approaching Martian winter will be challenging.

NASA engineers, now armed with the data from Ingenuity’s flights, are already working on its next-generation successors.

“Something in the 20 to 30 kilograms (range) maybe, able to carry science payloads,” said Ravich.

Those future payloads might just include the rock samples collected by Perseverance.

NASA is planning to retrieve those samples during a future mission – sometime in the 2030s.

© Agence France-Presse

 



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Business

American, Alaska Air will end pay protections for unvaccinated staff if they contract Covid

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American Airlines flight 718, the first U.S. Boeing 737 MAX commercial flight since regulators lifted a 20-month grounding in November, takes off from Miami, Florida, December 29, 2020.

Marco Bello | Reuters

American Airlines and Alaska Airlines will no longer cover Covid-19 quarantine time for employees who aren’t vaccinated against the virus, the latest push to get staff inoculated.

“Going forward, given there is an FDA-approved vaccine, pandemic leave will only be offered to team members who are fully vaccinated and who provide their vaccination card to us,” American said in a staff memo on Thursday. The change starts Oct. 1 and unvaccinated workers will have to use their sick time or medical leave if they miss work because of Covid.

The similar change at Alaska Airlines went into effect Aug. 30.

Both airlines stopped short of instituting a vaccine mandate, like the one United Airlines announced last month, and the policy changes show diverging tactics among carriers in encouraging workers to get vaccinated.

Alaska Airlines on Thursday said it would pay employees $200 if they disclose their proof of Covid-19 vaccination by Oct. 15 and said those who fail to do so will be considered unvaccinated. Unvaccinated employees will have to wear masks at all times on the job and attend a “mandatory vaccine education program.”

Southwest Airlines, which also doesn’t require employees to be vaccinated, said it would restore pay or paid time off to workers who had to quarantine due to a Covid-19 infection or for being in close contact with someone who tested positive, retroactive to June 16. The company had discontinued that program in mid-June, citing a drop in Covid cases and high vaccine availability.

Southwest’s pilots’ union earlier this week sued the airline, alleging that a number of Covid-related polices, including the end of paid time off for exposure or infection, required negotiation with the union.

“With COVID-19 cases continuing to rise, due to the Delta variant, Southwest is taking an additional step to support our Employees by implementing a Quarantine Pay Program,” said spokeswoman Brandy King. The new policy will restore time-off balances for staff “who previously, and responsibly, quarantined for Company-related incidents over the summer as cases spiked in the general population across the country.”

Delta Air Lines last week said it will impose a $200 monthly surcharge on employees covered by the company health insurance on Nov. 1 if they are not vaccinated. The Atlanta-based carrier is

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