Ladd, T. D. et al. Quantum computers. Nature 464, 45–53 (2010).
Google Scholar
Popkin, G. Quest for qubits. Science 354, 1090–1093 (2016).
Google Scholar
de Leon, N. P. et al. Materials challenges and opportunities for quantum computing hardware. Science 372, 253 (2021).
Hanson, R., Kouwenhoven, L. P., Petta, J. R., Tarucha, S. & Vandersypen, L. M. Spins in few-electron quantum dots. Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 1217–1265 (2007).
Google Scholar
Zwanenburg, F. A. et al. Silicon quantum electronics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 961–1019 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cole, M. W. & Cohen, M. H. Image-potential-induced surface bands in insulators. Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 1238 (1969).
Google Scholar
Cole, M. W. Electronic surface states of a dielectric film on a metal substrate. Phys. Rev. B 3, 4418 (1971).
Google Scholar
Leiderer, P. Electrons at the surface of quantum systems. J. Low Temp. Phys. 87, 247–278 (1992).
Google Scholar
Platzman, P. & Dykman, M. I. Quantum computing with electrons on liquid helium. Science 284, 1967–1969 (1999).
Google Scholar
Smolyaninov, I. I. Electrons on solid hydrogen and solid neon surfaces. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 15, 2075–2106 (2001).
Google Scholar
Dykman, M. I., Platzman, P. M. & Seddighrad, P. Qubits with electrons on liquid helium. Phys. Rev. B 67, 155402 (2003).
Google Scholar
Lyon, S. A. Spin-based quantum computing using electrons on liquid helium. Phys. Rev. A 74, 052338 (2006).
Google Scholar
Bradbury, F. R. et al. Efficient clocked electron transfer on superuid helium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 266803 (2011).
Google Scholar
Wallraff, A. et al. Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics. Nature 431, 162–167 (2004).
Google Scholar
Blais, A., Grimsmo, A. L. & Wallraff, A. Circuit quantum electrodynamics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025005 (2021).
Google Scholar
Schuster, D. I., Fragner, A., Dykman, M. I., Lyon, S. A. & Schoelkopf, R. J. Proposal for manipulating and detecting spin and orbital states of trapped electrons on helium using cavity quantum electrodynamics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 040503 (2010).
Google Scholar
Yang, G. et al. Coupling an ensemble of electrons on superfluid helium to a superconducting circuit. Phys. Rev. X 6, 011031 (2016).
Koolstra, G., Yang, G. & Schuster, D. I. Coupling a single electron on superfluid helium to a superconducting resonator. Nat. Commun. 10, 5323 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jin, D. Quantum electronics and optics at the interface of solid neon and superfluid helium. Quantum Sci. Technol. 5, 035003 (2020).
Google Scholar
Clerk, A. A., Lehnert, K. W., Bertet, P., Petta, J. R. & Nakamura, Y. Hybrid quantum systems with circuit quantum electrodynamics. Nat. Phys. 16, 257–267 (2020).
Google Scholar
Chatterjee, A. et al. Semiconductor qubits in practice. Nat. Rev. Phys. 3, 157–177 (2021).
Nakamura, Y., Pashkin, Y. A. & Tsai, J. S. Coherent control of macroscopic quantum states in a single-cooper-pair box. Nature 398, 786–788 (1999).
Google Scholar
Schoelkopf, R. J. & Girvin, S. M. Wiring up quantum systems. Nature 451, 664–669 (2008).
Google Scholar
Clarke, J. & Wilhelm, F. K. Superconducting quantum bits. Nature 453, 1031–1042 (2008).
Google Scholar
Arute, F. et al. Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor. Nature 574, 505–510 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kawakami, E. et al. Electrical control of a long-lived spin qubit in a Si/SiGe quantum dot. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 666–670 (2014).
Google Scholar
Mi, X. et al. A coherent spin-photon interface in silicon. Nature 555, 599–603 (2018).
Google Scholar
Samkharadze, N. et al. Strong spin-photon coupling in silicon. Science 359, 1123–1127 (2018).
Google Scholar
Landig, A. J. et al. Coherent spin–photon coupling using a resonant exchange qubit. Nature 560, 179–184 (2018).
Google Scholar
Petit, L. et al. Universal quantum logic in hot silicon qubits. Nature 580, 355–359 (2020).
Google Scholar
Burkard, G., Gullans, M. J., Mi, X. & Petta, J. R. Superconductor-semiconductor hybrid-circuit quantum electrodynamics. Nat. Rev. Phys. 2, 129–140 (2020).
Monroe, C., Meekhof, D. M., King, B. E., Itano, W. M. & Wineland, D. J. Demonstration of a fundamental quantum logic gate. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4714 (1995).
Google Scholar
Kielpinski, D., Monroe, C. & Wineland, D. J. Architecture for a large-scale ion-trap quantum computer. Nature 417, 709–711 (2002).
Google Scholar
Leibfried, D., Blatt, R., Monroe, C. & Wineland, D. Quantum dynamics of single trapped ions. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 281 (2003).
Google Scholar
Bruzewicz, C. D., Chiaverini, J., McConnell, R. & Sage, J. M. Trapped-ion quantum computing: Progress and challenges. Appl. Phys. Rev. 6, 021314 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pino, J. M. et al. Demonstration of the trapped-ion quantum CCD computer architecture. Nature 592, 209–213 (2021).
Google Scholar
Brennen, G. K., Caves, C. M., Jessen, P. S. & Deutsch, I. H. Quantum logic gates in optical lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1060 (1999).
Google Scholar
Jaksch, D. et al. Fast quantum gates for neutral atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2208 (2000).
Google Scholar
Saffman, M., Walker, T. G. & Mølmer, K. Quantum information with Rydberg atoms. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 2313–2363 (2010).
Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Kumar, A., Wu, T.-Y. & Weiss, D. S. Single-qubit gates based on targeted phase shifts in a 3D neutral atom array. Science 352, 1562–1565 (2016).
Google Scholar
Pla, J. J. et al. A single-atom electron spin qubit in silicon. Nature 489, 541–545 (2012).
Google Scholar
Pla, J. J. et al. High-fidelity readout and control of a nuclear spin qubit in silicon. Nature 496, 334–338 (2013).
Google Scholar
Chen, S., Raha, M., Phenicie, C. M., Ourari, S. & Thompson, J. D. Parallel single-shot measurement and coherent control of solid-state spins below the diffraction limit. Science 370, 592–595 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wolfowicz, G. et al. Quantum guidelines for solid-state spin defects. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6, 906–925 (2021).
Google Scholar
Vincent, R., Klyatskaya, S., Ruben, M., Wernsdorfer, W. & Balestro, F. Electronic read-out of a single nuclear spin using a molecular spin transistor. Nature 488, 357–360 (2012).
Google Scholar
Thiele, S. et al. Electrically driven nuclear spin resonance in single-molecule magnets. Science 344, 1135–1138 (2014).
Google Scholar
Atzori, M. & Sessoli, R. The Second Quantum Revolution: Role and Challenges of Molecular Chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 11339–11352 (2019).
Google Scholar
Coronado, E. Molecular magnetism: from chemical design to spin control in molecules, materials and devices. Nat. Rev. Mater. 5, 87–104 (2020).
Google Scholar
Schuster, D. I. et al. ac Stark shift and dephasing of a superconducting qubit strongly coupled to a cavity field. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 123602 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wallraff, A. et al. Approaching unit visibility for control of a superconducting qubit with dispersive readout. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 060501 (2005).
Google Scholar
Sheludiakov, S. et al. Electrons trapped in solid neon–hydrogen mixtures below 1 K. J. Low Temp. Phys. 195, 365–377 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G. & Lemmon, E. W. In Thermodynamic Properties of Cryogenic Fluids (eds Weisend II, J. G. & Jeong S.) 31–287 (Springer, 1997).
Pollack, G. L. The solid state of rare gases. Rev. Mod. Phys. 36, 748 (1964).
Google Scholar
Batchelder, D. N., Losee, D. L. & Simmons, R. O. Measurements of lattice constant, thermal expansion, and isothermal compressibility of neon single crystals. Phys. Rev. 162, 767 (1967).
Google Scholar
Zavyalov, V., Smolyaninov, I., Zotova, E., Borodin, A. & Bogomolov, S. Electron states above the surfaces of solid cryodielectrics for quantum-computing.’. J. Low Temp. Phys. 138, 415–420 (2005).
Google Scholar
Leiderer, P., Kono, K. & Rees, D. In Proc. 11th International Conference on Cryocrystals and Quantum Crystals (ed. Vasiliev, S.) 67–67 (University of Turku, 2016).
Kajita, K. A new two-dimensional electron system on the surface of solid neon. Surf. Sci. 142, 86–95 (1984).
Google Scholar
Nilsson, A., Pettersson, L. G. & Norskov, J. Chemical Bonding at Surfaces and Interfaces (Elsevier, 2011).
Ibach, H. Physics of Surfaces and Interfaces Vol. 2006 (Springer, 2006).
Pozar, D. M. Microwave Engineering (Wiley, 2011).
Walls, D. F. & Milburn, G. J. Quantum Optics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2007).
Schuster, D. I. Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics PhD thesis, Yale Univ. (2007).
Krantz, P. et al. A quantum engineer’s guide to superconducting qubits. Appl. Phys. Rev. 6, 021318 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ithier, G. et al. Decoherence in a superconducting quantum bit circuit. Phys. Rev. B 72, 134519 (2005).
Google Scholar
Chen, Z. Metrology of Quantum Control and Measurement in Superconducting Qubits PhD thesis, Univ. of California Santa Barbara (2018).