On July 15, 2022, this report was posted online as an MMWR Early Release.
Ruth Link-Gelles, PhD1; Matthew E. Levy, PhD2; Manjusha Gaglani, MBBS3,4; Stephanie A. Irving, MHS5; Melissa Stockwell, MD6,7,8; Kristin Dascomb, MD, PhD9; Malini B. DeSilva, MD10; Sarah E. Reese, PhD2; I-Chia Liao, MPH3; Toan C. Ong, PhD11; Shaun J. Grannis, MD12,13; Charlene McEvoy, MD10; Palak Patel, MBBS1; Nicola P. Klein, MD, PhD14; Emily Hartmann, MPP15; Edward Stenehjem, MD9; Karthik Natarajan, PhD8,16; Allison L. Naleway, PhD5; Kempapura Murthy, MBBS3; Suchitra Rao, MBBS11; Brian E. Dixon, PhD12,17; Anupam B. Kharbanda, MD18; Akintunde Akinseye, MSPH2; Monica Dickerson1; Ned Lewis, MPH14; Nancy Grisel, MPP9; Jungmi Han16; Michelle A. Barron, MD11; William F. Fadel, PhD12,17; Margaret M. Dunne, MSc2; Kristin Goddard, MPH14; Julie Arndorfer, MPH9; Deepika Konatham3; Nimish R. Valvi, DrPH, MBBS12; J. C. Currey15; Bruce Fireman, MA14; Chandni Raiyani, MPH3; Ousseny Zerbo, PhD14; Chantel Sloan-Aagard, PhD15,19; Sarah W. Ball, ScD2; Mark G. Thompson, PhD1; Mark W. Tenforde, MD, PhD1 (View author affiliations)
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Summary
What is already known about this topic?
Little is known about COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) during the Omicron variant BA.2/BA.2.12.2–predominant period or VE of a fourth COVID-19 vaccine dose in persons aged ≥50 years.
What is added by this report?
VE during the BA.2/BA.2.12.2 period was lower than that during the BA.1 period. A third vaccine dose provided additional protection against moderate and severe COVID-19–associated illness in all age groups, and a fourth dose provided additional protection in eligible adults aged ≥50 years.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Immunocompetent persons should receive recommended COVID-19 booster doses to prevent moderate to severe COVID-19, including a first booster dose for all eligible persons and second dose for adults aged ≥50 years at least 4 months after an initial booster dose. Booster doses should be obtained immediately when persons become eligible.
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The Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was first identified in the United States in November 2021, with the BA.1 sublineage (including BA.1.1) causing the largest surge in COVID-19 cases to date. Omicron sublineages BA.2 and BA.2.12.1 emerged later and by late April 2022, accounted for most cases.* Estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) can be reduced by newly emerging variants or sublineages that evade vaccine-induced immunity (1), protection from previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated persons (2), or increasing time since vaccination (3). Real-world data comparing VE during the periods when the BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 predominated (BA.1 period and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period, respectively) are limited. The VISION network† examined 214,487 emergency department/urgent care (ED/UC) visits and 58,782 hospitalizations with a COVID-19–like illness§ diagnosis among 10 states during December 18, 2021–June 10, 2022, to evaluate VE of 2, 3, and 4 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech] or mRNA-1273 [Moderna]) compared with no vaccination among adults without immunocompromising conditions. VE against COVID-19–associated hospitalization 7–119 days and ≥120 days after receipt of dose 3 was 92% (95% CI = 91%–93%) and 85% (95% CI = 81%–89%), respectively, during the BA.1 period, compared with 69% (95% CI = 58%–76%) and 52% (95% CI = 44%–59%), respectively, during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period. Patterns were similar for ED/UC encounters. Among adults aged ≥50 years, VE against COVID-19–associated hospitalization ≥120 days after receipt of dose 3 was 55% (95% CI = 46%–62%) and ≥7 days (median = 27 days) after a fourth dose was 80% (95% CI = 71%–85%) during BA.2/BA.2.12.1 predominance. Immunocompetent persons should receive recommended COVID-19 booster doses to prevent moderate to severe COVID-19, including a first booster dose for all eligible persons and second booster dose for adults aged ≥50 years at least 4 months after an initial booster dose. Booster doses should be obtained immediately when persons become eligible.¶
A 2-dose primary COVID-19 mRNA vaccination series followed by a third (booster) dose at least 5 months after dose 2 is recommended for adults aged ≥18 years without immunocompromising conditions. On March 29, 2022, an additional booster dose (dose 4) was authorized for immunocompetent adults aged ≥50 years at least 4 months after dose 3 (4). The VISION Network evaluated the effectiveness of 2, 3, or 4 mRNA vaccine doses during December 2021–June 2022, a period during which different sublineages of Omicron circulated in the United States. VISION methods have been described previously (5); briefly, eligible medical encounters include ED/UC visits and hospitalizations among adults with COVID-19–like illness and a SARS-CoV-2 molecular test during the 14 days before through 72 hours after the encounter. Variant predominance was defined as the period when a variant accounted for ≥75% of all sequenced specimens at a site (i.e., BA.1, December 2021–March 2022** and BA.2/BA.2.12.1, March–June 2022††). Dates when the prevalence of BA.1 declined to <75% of sequenced specimens and the prevalence of BA.2/BA.2.12.1 had not yet reached 75% were considered a “washout” period; encounters through June 10, 2022, were included unless BA.2/BA.2.12.1 prevalence declined to <75% at a site before that date. Patients were excluded if 1) a medical event occurred during the washout period; 2) a likely immunocompromising condition was present; 3) an mRNA vaccine dose was received before it was recommended§§; 4) any doses of a non–mRNA vaccine such as JNJ-78436735 (Janssen [Johnson & Johnson]) were received; 5) <14 days had elapsed since receipt of dose 2 or <7 days since receipt of dose 3 or dose 4; or 6) a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was documented in the patient’s medical record before the index encounter (to reduce the influence of protection from previous infection).¶¶ VE was estimated using a test-negative case-control design, comparing the odds of being vaccinated (receipt of 2 doses ≥14 days before the encounter, 3 doses ≥7 days before the encounter, or 4 doses ≥7 days before the encounter) versus being unvaccinated (zero doses received) between persons with positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 test results, using multivariable logistic regression, weighted for inverse propensity to be vaccinated, and adjusted for age, calendar time of index date (days since January 1, 2021),*** study site, and local virus circulation. VE for 4 vaccine doses was assessed only for adults aged ≥50 years during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period, aligning with the March 29, 2022, authorization for the fourth dose. Nonoverlapping 95% CIs were considered statistically significant. Analyses were conducted using R software (version 4.1.2; R Foundation). The study was reviewed and approved by institutional review boards at participating sites or under reliance agreement with the institutional review board of Westat, Inc. This activity was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.†††
Among 214,487 ED/UC encounters with a COVID-19–like illness diagnosis that met inclusion criteria, 124,033 (57.8%) occurred during the BA.1 period, during which 40,801 (32.9%) patients had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result; 90,454 (42.2%) occurred during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period, during which 10,177 (11.3%) had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. During the BA.1 period, 51,359 (41.4%) ED/UC patients were unvaccinated, 40,026 (32.3%) had received 2 mRNA vaccine doses, and 32,648 (26.3%) had received 3 doses (Table 1). During the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period, 27,907 (30.9%) ED/UC patients were unvaccinated; 22,657 (25.0%) had received 2 mRNA vaccine doses, 35,796 (39.6%) had received 3 doses; and 4,094 (4.5%) had received 4 doses. Receipt of 3 versus 2 doses was associated with a higher VE against an ED/UC encounter during both periods, and VE was higher during the BA.1 period than the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period (Table 2). During the BA.1 period, VE declined to 73% ≥120 days (median = 132 days) after the third vaccine dose; during the BA.2/BA.12.1 period, VE declined to 26% at ≥120 days (median = 166 days) after the third dose.
Among 58,782 hospitalizations with a COVID-19–like illness diagnosis that met inclusion criteria, 35,399 (60.2%) occurred during the BA.1 period, during which 10,534 (29.8%) patients had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result; 23,383 (17.9%) occurred during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period, during which 1,564 (6.7%) patients had a positive test result (Table 3). During the BA.1 period, 14,742 (41.6%) patients hospitalized with COVID-19–like illness were unvaccinated, 10,086 (28.5%) had received 2 mRNA vaccine doses, and 10,571 (29.9%) had received 3 doses. During the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period, 6,682 (28.6%) patients hospitalized with COVID-19–like illness were unvaccinated, and 5,461 (23.4%), 10,036 (42.9%), and 1,204 (5.1%) had received 2, 3, and 4 mRNA vaccine doses, respectively. VE against COVID-19–associated hospitalization was 61% ≥150 days after dose 2 during the BA.1 period (median = 289 days) compared with 24% during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period (median = 371 days) (Table 2). VE associated with a third mRNA vaccine dose was higher than that associated with a second vaccine dose but declined during both periods at ≥120 days to 85% during the BA.1 period (median = 132 days) and 52% during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period (median = 168 days).
Among adults aged ≥50 years eligible to receive a fourth mRNA vaccine dose, VE for COVID-19–associated ED/UC encounters during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period was 32% at ≥120 days after the third dose (median interval = 170 days) but increased to 66% ≥7 days after the fourth dose (median interval = 28 days). VE against COVID-19–associated hospitalization was 55% ≥120 days after the third dose but increased to 80% ≥7 days after the fourth dose.
Discussion
Data from the Omicron BA.1 sublineage surge in the United States during December 2021–February 2022 determined that VE was reduced compared with that during the previous Delta-predominant period (6). To date, estimates of differences in VE between the Omicron BA.1 and subsequent BA.2/BA.2.12.1 sublineage periods have been limited. In this estimate of VE against ED/UC visits and hospitalizations during the BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 periods, VE declined during both periods ≥150 days after the second vaccine dose, highlighting the need for a third dose (i.e., the first booster) for eligible adults. Recent receipt of a third dose increased VE; however, some decline was observed ≥120 days after receipt of the dose. Among eligible adults aged ≥50 years, a fourth vaccine dose ≥120 days after receipt of the third dose improved VE during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period, although follow-up time after dose 4 was limited. These findings highlight the importance of staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccination, including recommended booster doses.
Although data on neutralizing antibodies have found BA.1 and BA.2 to be similar, recent data indicate slightly more immune escape for BA.2.12.1 (1). Data reported on Omicron sublineage VE have been limited. A study in the United Kingdom found inconsistent differences in VE for symptomatic COVID-19 and COVID-19–associated hospitalization, with higher VE against symptomatic COVID-19 but larger declines in VE against hospitalization observed during a period of BA.2 predominance versus a period of BA.1 predominance starting 10–14 weeks after a third COVID-19 vaccine dose (7). A study in Qatar found that after a second or third mRNA vaccine dose, declines in VE against symptomatic COVID-19 during BA.1 and BA.2 periods were similar, but the study did not identify enough severe cases to separate VE estimates by predominant variant (8). Differences between the current study and previous studies, including differences in proportions of persons with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and the absence of BA.2.12.1 infections outside the United States might account for some variability in findings. After the BA.1 surge in the United States, a larger proportion of adults were found to have experienced a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period, with antibody evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection increasing from 33.5% in December 2021 to 57.7% by February 2022 (9). Unvaccinated persons were used as a referent group in VE analyses. If unvaccinated persons were more likely to have experienced recent infection, and infection-induced immunity provides some protection against re-infection, this could result in lower VE observed during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period. Although adults with documented past SARS-CoV-2 infection were excluded, infections are likely to be significantly underascertained because of lack of testing or increased at-home testing (10). In addition, although time since receipt of the second or third vaccine dose was stratified by time intervals, on average the time since vaccination was longer during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period. These differences were particularly pronounced in the analysis of ≥150 days after the second vaccine dose (median 289 days for hospitalized adults during the BA.1 period compared to 371 days during the BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period), which could account for some differences in VE estimates and highlights the importance of a third dose (first booster) for those who have not yet received it.
The findings in this analysis are subject to at least four limitations. First, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was likely underascertained and might differentially affect observed VE during the BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 periods. Second, residual confounding in VE estimates is possible. Third, no genetic characterization was available for SARS-CoV-2–positive specimens; therefore, date of testing was used to ascribe likely sublineage, and BA.2 and BA.2.12.1 sublineages were combined, given their overlap in circulation. Finally, this report did not assess VE against the most severe COVID-19–associated disease (e.g., respiratory failure) because of smaller numbers of these cases.
VE should continue to be monitored in the setting of newly emerging sublineages and variants, including Omicron sublineages BA.4 and BA.5, which became predominant in the United States in late June 2022. Eligible adults should stay up to date with recommended COVID-19 vaccinations, including a first booster dose for all eligible persons and second booster dose for adults aged ≥50 years. Booster doses should be obtained immediately when persons become eligible.
Acknowledgments
Rebecca Kondor, Manish Patel, Tamara Pilishvili, Heather Scobie, CDC.
1CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response Team; 2Westat, Rockville, Maryland.; 3Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; 4Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; 5Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon; 6Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; 7Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; 8New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York; 9Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah; 10HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota; 11School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; 12Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana; 13School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; 14Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California; 15Paso Del Norte Health Information Exchange, El Paso, Texas; 16Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; 17Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; 18Children’s Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; 19Brigham Young University Department of Public Health, Provo, Utah.
References
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Characteristic | Total no. (column %) | mRNA COVID-19 vaccination status¶ | Positive test result* | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. (row %) | SMD** | No. (row %) | SMD** | |||||||
Unvaccinated | 2 doses | 3 doses | 4 doses | |||||||
14–149 days earlier | ≥150 days earlier | 7–119 days earlier | ≥120 days earlier | ≥7 days earlier | ||||||
Omicron BA.1–predominant period† | ||||||||||
All ED or UC events | 124,033 (100.0) | 51,359 (41.4) | 7,286 (5.9) | 32,740 (26.4) | 29,333 (23.6) | 3,315 (2.7) | N/A | — | 40,801 (32.9) | — |
Site | ||||||||||
Baylor Scott & White Health | 29,978 (24.2) | 17,365 (57.9) | 1,544 (5.2) | 7,799 (26.0) | 2,970 (9.9) | 300 (1.0) | — | 0.745 | 13,279 (44.3) | 0.342 |
Columbia University | 3,116 (2.5) | 1,600 (51.3) | 333 (10.7) | 740 (23.7) | 432 (13.9) | 11 (0.4) | — | 956 (30.7) | ||
HealthPartners | 12,579 (10.1) | 3,435 (27.3) | 730 (5.8) | 3,247 (25.8) | 4,720 (37.5) | 447 (3.6) | — | 3,820 (30.4) | ||
Intermountain Healthcare | 26,950 (21.7) | 9,717 (36.1) | 2,020 (7.5) | 7,398 (27.5) | 6,844 (25.4) | 971 (3.6) | — | 6,696 (24.8) | ||
KPNC | 20,383 (16.4) | 3,862 (18.9) | 1,274 (6.3) | 5,952 (29.2) | 8,411 (41.3) | 884 (4.3) | — | 5,252 (25.8) | ||
KPNW | 7,929 (6.4) | 2,417 (30.5) | 385 (4.9) | 2,166 (27.3) | 2,544 (32.1) | 417 (5.3) | — | 2,686 (33.9) | ||
PHIX | 1,243 (1.0) | 647 (52.1) | 54 (4.3) | 322 (25.9) | 196 (15.8) | 24 (1.9) | — | 318 (25.6) | ||
Regenstrief Institute | 14,003 (11.3) | 8,007 (57.2) | 682 (4.9) | 2,968 (21.2) | 2,213 (15.8) | 133 (0.9) | — | 4,986 (35.6) | ||
University of Colorado | 7,852 (6.3) | 4,309 (54.9) | 264 (3.4) | 2,148 (27.4) | 1,003 (12.8) | 128 (1.6) | — | 2,808 (35.8) | ||
Age group, yrs | ||||||||||
18–49 | 63,406 (51.1) | 33,003 (52.1) | 4,909 (7.7) | 16,313 (25.7) | 8,755 (13.8) | 426 (0.7) | — | 0.678 | 23,073 (36.4) | 0.219 |
50–65 | 24,832 (20.0) | 9,229 (37.2) | 1,415 (5.7) | 7,458 (30.0) | 6,305 (25.4) | 425 (1.7) | — | 8,460 (34.1) | ||
65–74 | 15,978 (12.9) | 4,646 (29.1) | 507 (3.2) | 3,901 (24.4) | 5,953 (37.3) | 971 (6.1) | — | 4,459 (27.9) | ||
75–84 | 12,584 (10.1) | 2,940 (23.4) | 302 (2.4) | 3,205 (25.5) | 5,179 (41.2) | 958 (7.6) | — | 3,224 (25.6) | ||
≥85 | 7,233 (5.8) | 1,541 (21.3) | 153 (2.1) | 1,863 (25.8) | 3,141 (43.4) | 535 (7.4) | — | 1,585 (21.9) | ||
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 50,479 (40.7) | 22,531 (44.6) | 2,536 (5.0) | 12,433 (24.6) | 11,574 (22.9) | 1,405 (2.8) | — | 0.107 | 17,286 (34.2) | 0.051 |
Female | 73,554 (59.3) | 28,828 (39.2) | 4,750 (6.5) | 20,307 (27.6) | 17,759 (24.1) | 1,910 (2.6) | — | 23,515 (32.0) | ||
Race or ethnicity | ||||||||||
White, NH | 74,613 (60.2) | 28,365 (38.0) | 3,746 (5.0) | 19,754 (26.5) | 20,145 (27.0) | 2,603 (3.5) | — | 0.356 | 21,430 (28.7) | 0.255 |
Black, NH | 15,395 (12.4) | 8,547 (55.5) | 1,295 (8.4) | 3,505 (22.8) | 1,902 (12.4) | 146 (0.9) | — | 6,529 (42.4) | ||
Hispanic | 19,508 (15.7) | 8,893 (45.6) | 1,451 (7.4) | 5,489 (28.1) | 3,446 (17.7) | 229 (1.2) | — | 7,481 (38.3) | ||
Other,†† NH | 9,368 (7.6) | 2,802 (29.9) | 522 (5.6) | 2,754 (29.4) | 3,011 (32.1) | 279 (3.0) | — | 3,061 (32.7) | ||
Unknown | 5,149 (4.2) | 2,752 (53.4) | 272 (5.3) | 1,238 (24.0) | 829 (16.1) | 58 (1.1) | — | 2,300 (44.7) | ||
Chronic respiratory condition at discharge§§ | ||||||||||
No | 103,754 (83.7) | 43,204 (41.6) | 6,287 (6.1) | 27,363 (26.4) | 24,303 (23.4) | 2,597 (2.5) | — | 0.065 | 34,674 (33.4) | 0.054 |
Yes | 20,279 (16.3) | 8,155 (40.2) | 999 (4.9) | 5,377 (26.5) | 5,030 (24.8) | 718 (3.5) | — | 6,127 (30.2) | ||
Chronic nonrespiratory condition at discharge¶¶ | ||||||||||
No | 91,182 (73.5) | 38,741 (42.5) | 5,749 (6.3) | 24,157 (26.5) | 20,551 (22.5) | 1,984 (2.2) | — | 0.145 | 31,826 (34.9) | 0.154 |
Yes | 32,851 (26.5) | 12,618 (38.4) | 1,537 (4.7) | 8,583 (26.1) | 8,782 (26.7) | 1,331 (4.1) | — | 8,975 (27.3) | ||
Omicron BA.2/BA.2.12.1–predominant period§ | ||||||||||
All ED or UC events | 90,454 (100.0) | 27,907 (30.9) | 1,774 (2.0) | 20,883 (23.1) | 9,142 (10.1) | 26,654 (29.5) | 4,094 (4.5) | — | 10,177 (11.3) | — |
Site | ||||||||||
Baylor Scott & White Health | 12,976 (14.3) | 6,786 (52.3) | 188 (1.4) | 3,687 (28.4) | 501 (3.9) | 1,720 (13.3) | 94 (0.7) | 0.925 | 1,155 (8.9) | 0.296 |
Columbia University | 3,430 (3.8) | 1,452 (42.3) | 130 (3.8) | 937 (27.3) | 344 (10.0) | 551 (16.1) | 16 (0.5) | 232 (6.8) | ||
HealthPartners | 15,234 (16.8) | 3,269 (21.5) | 346 (2.3) | 2,868 (18.8) | 1,821 (12.0) | 5,944 (39.0) | 986 (6.5) | 2,057 (13.5) | ||
Intermountain Healthcare | 17,134 (18.9) | 5,262 (30.7) | 469 (2.7) | 4,359 (25.4) | 1,654 (9.7) | 4,986 (29.1) | 404 (2.4) | 2,318 (13.5) | ||
KPNC | 20,732 (22.9) | 2,531 (12.2) | 374 (1.8) | 4,114 (19.8) | 3,278 (15.8) | 8,446 (40.7) | 1,989 (9.6) | 1,670 (8.1) | ||
KPNW | 7,211 (8.0) | 1,588 (22.0) | 110 (1.5) | 1,464 (20.3) | 894 (12.4) | 2,695 (37.4) | 460 (6.4) | 1,084 (15.0) | ||
PHIX | 709 (0.8) | 338 (47.7) | 13 (1.8) | 176 (24.8) | 59 (8.3) | 113 (15.9) | 10 (1.4) | 43 (6.1) | ||
Regenstrief Institute | 6,064 (6.7) | 3,188 (52.6) | 95 (1.6) | 1,299 (21.4) | 341 (5.6) | 1,103 (18.2) | 38 (0.6) | 575 (9.5) | ||
University of Colorado | 6,964 (7.7) | 3,493 (50.2) | 49 (0.7) | 1,979 (28.4) | 250 (3.6) | 1,096 (15.7) | 97 (1.4) | 1,043 (15.0) | ||
Age group, yrs | ||||||||||
18–49 | 42,569 (47.1) | 18,429 (43.3) | 1,192 (2.8) | 11,203 (26.3) | 4,132 (9.7) | 7,613 (17.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.778 | 5,074 (11.9) | 0.099 |
50–65 | 17,598 (19.5) | 4,755 (27.0) | 317 (1.8) | 4,253 (24.2) | 2,232 (12.7) | 5,355 (30.4) | 686 (3.9) | 2,087 (11.9) | ||
65–74 | 12,909 (14.3) | 2,271 (17.6) | 137 (1.1) | 2,437 (18.9) | 1,185 (9.2) | 5,542 (42.9) | 1337 (10.4) | 1,253 (9.7) | ||
75–84 | 11,032 (12.2) | 1,591 (14.4) | 71 (0.6) | 1,902 (17.2) | 994 (9.0) | 5,130 (46.5) | 1344 (12.2) | 1,174 (10.6) | ||
≥85 | 6,346 (7.0) | 861 (13.6) | 57 (0.9) | 1,088 (17.1) | 599 (9.4) | 3,014 (47.5) | 727 (11.5) | 589 (9.3) | ||
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 36,191 (40.0) | 11,836 (32.7) | 631 (1.7) | 8,014 (22.1) | 3,406 (9.4) | 10,449 (28.9) | 1,855 (5.1) | 0.090 | 4,091 (11.3) | 0.004 |
Female | 54,263 (60.0) | 16,071 (29.6) | 1,143 (2.1) | 12,869 (23.7) | 5,736 (10.6) | 16,205 (29.9) | 2,239 (4.1) | 6,086 (11.2) | ||
Race or ethnicity | ||||||||||
White, NH | 55,447 (61.3) | 15,386 (27.7) | 799 (1.4) | 12,474 (22.5) | 5,296 (9.6) | 18,410 (33.2) | 3,082 (5.6) | 0.361 | 6,471 (11.7) | 0.128 |
Black, NH | 9,797 (10.8) | 4,405 (45.0) | 368 (3.8) | 2,272 (23.2) | 898 (9.2) | 1,644 (16.8) | 210 (2.1) | 1,033 (10.5) | ||
Hispanic | 13,939 (15.4) | 4,780 (34.3) | 396 (2.8) | 3,693 (26.5) | 1,642 (11.8) | 3,076 (22.1) | 352 (2.5) | 1,217 (8.7) | ||
Other,†† NH | 8,040 (8.9) | 1,769 (22.0) | 160 (2.0) | 1,670 (20.8) | 1,096 (13.6) | 2,927 (36.4) | 418 (5.2) | 1,003 (12.5) | ||
Unknown | 3,231 (3.6) | 1,567 (48.5) | 51 (1.6) | 774 (24.0) | 210 (6.5) | 597 (18.5) | 32 (1.0) | 453 (14.0) | ||
Chronic respiratory condition at discharge§§ | ||||||||||
No | 75,947 (84.0) | 23,604 (31.1) | 1,474 (1.9) | 17,438 (23.0) | 7,708 (10.1) | 22,242 (29.3) | 3,481 (4.6) | 0.024 | 9,149 (12.0) | 0.197 |
Yes | 14,507 (16.0) | 4,303 (29.7) | 300 (2.1) | 3,445 (23.7) | 1,434 (9.9) | 4,412 (30.4) | 613 (4.2) | 1,028 (7.1) | ||
Chronic nonrespiratory condition at discharge¶¶ | ||||||||||
No | 67,691 (74.8) | 21,424 (31.6) | 1,359 (2.0) | 15,621 (23.1) | 6,903 (10.2) | 19,378 (28.6) | 3,006 (4.4) | 0.050 | 8,549 (12.6) | 0.255 |
Yes | 22,763 (25.2) | 6,483 (28.5) | 415 (1.8) | 5,262 (23.1) | 2,239 (9.8) | 7,276 (32.0) | 1,088 (4.8) | 1,628 (7.2) |
Encounter type | Omicron BA.1–predominant period¶ | Omicron BA.2/BA.2.12.1–predominant period** | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | No. (%) of positive test results† | Median interval since last dose, days (IQR) | VE %* (95% CI) | Total | No. (%) of positive test results† | Median interval since last dose days (IQR) | VE %* (95% CI) | |
ED or UC, age group (days since last dose) | ||||||||
All ages, yrs | ||||||||
Unvaccinated (Ref) | 51,359 | 23,175 (45.1) | — | — | 27,907 | 3,501 (12.6) | — | — |
2 doses (14–149) | 7,286 | 2,377 (32.6) | 107 (76–129) | 47 (44–50) | 1,774 | 110 (6.2) | 104 (71–128) | 51 (38–60) |
2 doses (≥150) | 32,740 | 11,365 (34.7) | 267 (232–306) | 39 (37–41) | 20,883 | 2,584 (12.4) | 352 (278–398) | 12 (7–17) |
3 doses (7–119) | 29,333 | 3,667 (12.5) | 66 (41–89) | 84 (83–85) | 9,142 | 441 (4.8) | 94 (72–108) | 56 (51–61) |
3 doses (≥120) | 3,315 | 217 (6.5) | 132 (125–142) | 73 (68–77) | 26,654 | 3,186 (11.9) | 166 (145–190) | 26 (21–30) |
18–49 yrs | ||||||||
Unvaccinated (Ref) | 33,003 | 14,236 (43.1) | — | — | 18,429 | 2,269 (12.3) | — | — |
2 doses (14–149) | 4,909 | 1,621 (33.0) | 106 (76–129) | 40 (36–44) | 1,192 | 75 (6.3) | 105 (72–129) | 47 (31–60) |
2 doses (≥150) | 16,313 | 5,918 (36.3) | 252 (220–288) | 24 (21–28) | 11,203 | 1,427 (12.7) | 332 (254–379) | 7 (0–14) |
3 doses (7–119) | 8,755 | 1,259 (14.4) | 55 (33–79) | 76 (75–78) | 4,132 | 207 (5.0) | 91 (69–107) | 55 (47–62) |
3 doses (≥120) | 426 | 39 (9.2) | 130 (124–141) | 29 (−1–50) | 7,613 | 1,096 (14.4) | 159 (140–182) | 17 (10–25) |
≥50 yrs | ||||||||
Unvaccinated (Ref) | 18,356 | 8,939 (48.7) | — | — | 9,478 | 1,232 (13.0) | — | — |
2 doses (14–149) | 2,377 | 756 (31.8) | 109 (77–129) | 59 (54–63) | 582 | 35 (6.0) | 102 (68–128) | 59 (40–71) |
2 doses (≥150) | 16,427 | 5,447 (33.2) | 283 (248–316) | 52 (50–54) | 9,680 | 1,157 (11.9) | 376 (319–414) | 18 (10–26) |
3 doses (7–119) | 20,578 | 2,408 (11.7) | 71 (46–93) | 87 (86–88) | 5,010 | 234 (4.7) | 96 (73–109) | 58 (51–64) |
3 doses (≥120) | 2,889 | 178 (6.2) | 133 (125–143) | 81 (77–84) | 19,041 | 2,090 (11.0) | 170 (147–193) | 32 (26–38) |
4 doses (≥7)†† | N/A | — | — | — | 4,094 | 355 (8.7) | 28 (17–42) | 66 (60–71) |
Hospitalization, age group (days since last dose) | ||||||||
All ages, yrs | ||||||||
Unvaccinated (Ref) | 14,742 | 6,829 (46.3) | — | — | 6,682 | 494 (7.4) | — | — |
2 doses (14–149) | 1,236 | 297 (24.0) | 105 (73–129) | 68 (63–73) | 343 | 12 (3.5) | 102 (71–128) | 57 (19–77) |
2 doses (≥150) | 8,850 | 2,542 (28.7) | 289 (252–322) | 61 (58–63) | 5,118 | 393 (7.7) | 371 (308–413) | 24 (12–35) |
3 doses (7–119) | 9,146 | 786 (8.6) | 72 (47–93) | 92 (91–93) | 2,350 | 72 (3.1) | 94 (74–108) | 69 (58–76) |
3 doses (≥120) | 1,425 | 80 (5.6) | 132 (125–142) | 85 (81–89) | 7,686 | 519 (6.8) | 168 (146–191) | 52 (44–59) |
18–49 yrs§§ | ||||||||
Unvaccinated (Ref) | 4,057 | 1,515 (37.3) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 doses (14–149) | 392 | 83 (21.2) | 101 (67–127) | 64 (52–73) | — | — | — | — |
2 doses (≥150) | 1,304 | 329 (25.2) | 258 (226–294) | 52 (43–59) | — | — | — | — |
3 doses (7–119) | 812 | 53 (6.5) | 57 (36–81) | 91 (87–94) | — | — | — | — |
3 doses (≥120) | 56 | 1 (1.8) | 133 (126–142) | 94 (62–99) | — | — | — | — |
≥50 yrs§§ | ||||||||
Unvaccinated (Ref) | 10,685 | 5,314 (49.7) | — | — | 4,595 | 393 (8.6) | — | — |
2 doses (14–149) | 844 | 214 (25.4) | 108 (76–129) | 71 (65–75) | — | — | — | — |
2 doses (≥150) | 7,546 | 2,213 (29.3) | 294 (259–325) | 63 (60–66) | 4,139 | 352 (8.5) | 381 (325–418) | 22 (8–34) |
3 doses (7–119) | 8,334 | 733 (8.8) | 73 (49–94) | 92 (91–93) | 1,957 | 57 (2.9) | 95 (74–108) | 73 (63–81) |
3 doses (≥120) | 1,369 | 79 (5.8) | 132 (125–142) | 86 (82–89) | 7,113 | 480 (6.8) | 169 (147–191) | 55 (46–62) |
4 doses (≥7)†† | N/A | — | — | — | 1,204 | 74 (6.2) | 27 (17–41) | 80 (71–85) |
Characteristic | Total no. (column %) | mRNA COVID-19 vaccination status, no. of doses received¶ | Positive test result* | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. (row %) | SMD** | No. (row %) | SMD** | |||||||
Unvaccinated | Days since last dose | 4 doses | ||||||||
2 doses | 3 doses | |||||||||
14–149 | ≥150 | 7–119 | ≥120 | ≥7 | ||||||
Omicron BA.1–predominant period† | ||||||||||
All hospitalizations | 35,399 (100.0) | 14,742 (41.6) | 1,236 (3.5) | 8,850 (25.0) | 9,146 (25.8) | 1,425 (4.0) | N/A | — | 10,534 (29.8) | — |
Site | ||||||||||
Baylor Scott& White Health | 8,697 (24.6) | 4,480 (51.5) | 324 (3.7) | 2,528 (29.1) | 1,190 (13.7) | 175 (2.0) | — | 0.551 | 2,904 (33.4) | 0.218 |
Columbia University | 1,419 (4.0) | 668 (47.1) | 94 (6.6) | 367 (25.9) | 274 (19.3) | 16 (1.1) | — | 536 (37.8) | ||
HealthPartners | 1,334 (3.8) | 378 (28.3) | 40 (3.0) | 262 (19.6) | 586 (43.9) | 68 (5.1) | — | 322 (24.1) | ||
Intermountain Healthcare | 3,224 (9.1) | 1,159 (35.9) | 148 (4.6) | 701 (21.7) | 985 (30.6) | 231 (7.2) | — | 756 (23.4) | ||
KPNC | 6,911 (19.5) | 1,501 (21.7) | 219 (3.2) | 1,748 (25.3) | 3,036 (43.9) | 407 (5.9) | — | 1,940 (28.1) | ||
KPNW | 1,480 (4.2) | 539 (36.4) | 56 (3.8) | 288 (19.5) | 478 (32.3) | 119 (8.0) | — | 360 (24.3) | ||
PHIX | 96 (0.3) | 64 (66.7) | 1 (1.0) | 19 (19.8) | 11 (11.5) | 1 (1.0) | — | 45 (46.9) | ||
Regenstrief Institute | 8,980 (25.4) | 4,398 (49.0) | 276 (3.1) | 1,969 (21.9) | 2,076 (23.1) | 261 (2.9) | — | 2,937 (32.7) | ||
University of Colorado | 3,258 (9.2) | 1,555 (47.7) | 78 (2.4) | 968 (29.7) | 510 (15.7) | 147 (4.5) | — | 734 (22.5) | ||
Age group, yrs | ||||||||||
18–49 | 6,621 (18.7) | 4,057 (61.3) | 392 (5.9) | 1,304 (19.7) | 812 (12.3) | 56 (0.8) | — | 0.540 | 1,981 (29.9) | 0.126 |
50–65 | 7,783 (22.0) | 3,847 (49.4) | 328 (4.2) | 2,008 (25.8) | 1,470 (18.9) | 130 (1.7) | — | 2,664 (34.2) | ||
65–74 | 8,073 (22.8) | 3,059 (37.9) | 233 (2.9) | 2,041 (25.3) | 2,325 (28.8) | 415 (5.1) | — | 2,370 (29.4) | ||
75–84 | 7,654 (21.6) | 2,329 (30.4) | 178 (2.3) | 2,054 (26.8) | 2,609 (34.1) | 484 (6.3) | — | 2,137 (27.9) | ||
≥85 | 5,268 (14.9) | 1,450 (27.5) | 105 (2.0) | 1,443 (27.4) | 1,930 (36.6) | 340 (6.5) | — | 1,382 (26.2) | ||
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 17,164 (48.5) | 7,549 (44.0) | 529 (3.1) | 4,075 (23.7) | 4,308 (25.1) | 703 (4.1) | — | 0.098 | 5,428 (31.6) | 0.087 |
Female | 18,235 (51.5) | 7,193 (39.4) | 707 (3.9) | 4,775 (26.2) | 4,838 (26.5) | 722 (4.0) | — | 5,106 (28.0) | ||
Race or ethnicity | ||||||||||
White, NH | 22,967 (64.9) | 8,837 (38.5) | 697 (3.0) | 5,843 (25.4) | 6,479 (28.2) | 1,111 (4.8) | — | 0.285 | 6,224 (27.1) | 0.199 |
Black, NH | 4,214 (11.9) | 2,279 (54.1) | 212 (5.0) | 976 (23.2) | 676 (16.0) | 71 (1.7) | — | 1,474 (35.0) | ||
Hispanic | 3,781 (10.7) | 1,801 (47.6) | 188 (5.0) | 960 (25.4) | 759 (20.1) | 73 (1.9) | — | 1,491 (39.4) | ||
Other,†† NH | 2,601 (7.3) | 893 (34.3) | 81 (3.1) | 628 (24.1) | 880 (33.8) | 119 (4.6) | — | 760 (29.2) | ||
Unknown | 1,836 (5.2) | 932 (50.8) | 58 (3.2) | 443 (24.1) | 352 (19.2) | 51 (2.8) | — | 585 (31.9) | ||
Chronic respiratory condition at discharge§§ | ||||||||||
No | 14,763 (41.7) | 6,116 (41.4) | 555 (3.8) | 3,693 (25.0) | 3,818 (25.9) | 581 (3.9) | — | 0.023 | 3,482 (23.6) | 0.254 |
Yes | 20,636 (58.3) | 8,626 (41.8) | 681 (3.3) | 5,157 (25.0) | 5,328 (25.8) | 844 (4.1) | — | 7,052 (34.2) | ||
Chronic nonrespiratory condition at discharge¶¶ | ||||||||||
No | 4,685 (13.2) | 2,516 (53.7) | 166 (3.5) | 958 (20.4) | 949 (20.3) | 96 (2.0) | — | 0.200 | 1,522 (32.5) | 0.050 |
Yes | 30,714 (86.8) | 12,226 (39.8) | 1,070 (3.5) | 7,892 (25.7) | 8,197 (26.7) | 1,329 (4.3) | — | 9,012 (29.3) | ||
Omicron BA.2/BA.2.12.1–predominant period§ | ||||||||||
All hospitalizations | 23,383 (100.0) | 6,682 (28.6) | 343 (1.5) | 5,118 (21.9) | 2,350 (10.1) | 7,686 (32.9) | 1,204 (5.1) | — | 1,564 (6.7) | — |
Site | ||||||||||
Baylor Scott & White Health | 4,686 (20.0) | 2,128 (45.4) | 55 (1.2) | 1,417 (30.2) | 227 (4.8) | 813 (17.3) | 46 (1.0) | 0.945 | 196 (4.2) | 0.268 |
Columbia University | 1,413 (6.0) | 491 (34.7) | 48 (3.4) | 316 (22.4) | 169 (12.0) | 375 (26.5) | 14 (1.0) | 81 (5.7) | ||
HealthPartners | 1,758 (7.5) | 329 (18.7) | 37 (2.1) | 261 (14.8) | 204 (11.6) | 760 (43.2) | 167 (9.5) | 120 (6.8) | ||
Intermountain Healthcare | 2,023 (8.7) | 571 (28.2) | 35 (1.7) | 446 (22.0) | 179 (8.8) | 733 (36.2) | 59 (2.9) | 167 (8.3) | ||
KPNC | 6,866 (29.4) | 677 (9.9) | 87 (1.3) | 1,164 (17.0) | 1,095 (15.9) | 3,105 (45.2) | 738 (10.7) | 584 (8.5) | ||
KPNW | 1,326 (5.7) | 356 (26.8) | 17 (1.3) | 210 (15.8) | 165 (12.4) | 488 (36.8) | 90 (6.8) | 86 (6.5) | ||
PHIX | 12 (0.1) | 7 (58.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | ||
Regenstrief Institute | 3,947 (16.9) | 1,600 (40.5) | 48 (1.2) | 869 (22.0) | 246 (6.2) | 1,128 (28.6) | 56 (1.4) | 235 (6.0) | ||
University of Colorado | 1,352 (5.8) | 523 (38.7) | 16 (1.2) | 432 (32.0) | 65 (4.8) | 282 (20.9) | 34 (2.5) | 94 (7.0) | ||
Age group, yrs | ||||||||||
18–49 | 4,162 (17.8) | 2,087 (50.1) | 130 (3.1) | 979 (23.5) | 393 (9.4) | 573 (13.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.585 | 199 (4.8) | 0.340 |
50–65 | 4,613 (19.7) | 1,621 (35.1) | 78 (1.7) | 1,171 (25.4) | 527 (11.4) | 1,077 (23.3) | 139 (3.0) | 220 (4.8) | ||
65–74 | 5,171 (22.1) | 1,258 (24.3) | 63 (1.2) | 1,098 (21.2) | 506 (9.8) | 1,929 (37.3) | 317 (6.1) | 277 (5.4) | ||
75–84 | 5,539 (23.7) | 1,059 (19.1) | 34 (0.6) | 1,114 (20.1) | 520 (9.4) | 2,379 (42.9) | 433 (7.8) | 468 (8.4) | ||
≥85 | 3,898 (16.7) | 657 (16.9) | 38 (1.0) | 756 (19.4) | 404 (10.4) | 1,728 (44.3) | 315 (8.1) | 400 (10.3) | ||
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 10,979 (47.0) | 3,304 (30.1) | 149 (1.4) | 2,315 (21.1) | 1044 (9.5) | 3,553 (32.4) | 614 (5.6) | 0.080 | 796 (7.3) | 0.085 |
Female | 12,404 (53.0) | 3,378 (27.2) | 194 (1.6) | 2,803 (22.6) | 1306 (10.5) | 4,133 (33.3) | 590 (4.8) | 768 (6.2) | ||
Race or ethnicity | ||||||||||
White, NH | 14,772 (63.2) | 3,817 (25.8) | 162 (1.1) | 3,236 (21.9) | 1,367 (9.3) | 5,304 (35.9) | 886 (6.0) | 0.362 | 1,076 (7.3) | 0.199 |
Black, NH | 2,690 (11.5) | 1,157 (43.0) | 73 (2.7) | 598 (22.2) | 266 (9.9) | 525 (19.5) | 71 (2.6) | 117 (4.3) | ||
Hispanic | 2,708 (11.6) | 815 (30.1) | 57 (2.1) | 648 (23.9) | 353 (13.0) | 736 (27.2) | 99 (3.7) | 139 (5.1) | ||
Other,†† NH | 2,115 (9.0) | 425 (20.1) | 40 (1.9) | 376 (17.8) | 298 (14.1) | 842 (39.8) | 134 (6.3) | 172 (8.1) | ||
Unknown | 1,098 (4.7) | 468 (42.6) | 11 (1.0) | 260 (23.7) | 66 (6.0) | 279 (25.4) | 14 (1.3) | 60 (5.5) | ||
Chronic respiratory condition at discharge§§ | ||||||||||
No | 10,015 (42.8) | 3,085 (30.8) | 147 (1.5) | 2,179 (21.8) | 980 (9.8) | 3,142 (31.4) | 482 (4.8) | 0.092 | 604 (6.0) | 0.092 |
Yes | 13,368 (57.2) | 3,597 (26.9) | 196 (1.5) | 2,939 (22.0) | 1,370 (10.2) | 4,544 (34.0) | 722 (5.4) | 960 (7.2) | ||
Chronic nonrespiratory condition at discharge¶¶ | ||||||||||
No | 3,010 (12.9) | 1,243 (41.3) | 53 (1.8) | 690 (22.9) | 226 (7.5) | 748 (24.9) | 50 (1.7) | 0.242 | 174 (5.8) | 0.058 |
Yes | 20,373 (87.1) | 5,439 (26.7) | 290 (1.4) | 4,428 (21.7) | 2,124 (10.4) | 6,938 (34.1) | 1154 (5.7) | 1,390 (6.8) |
Suggested citation for this article: Link-Gelles R, Levy ME, Gaglani M, et al. Effectiveness of 2, 3, and 4 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Doses Among Immunocompetent Adults During Periods when SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 Sublineages Predominated — VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021–June 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:931–939. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7129e1.
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