Tag Archives: warming

Flesh-Eating Infections Rising On The East Coast, Scientists Warn — Global Warming Is Making It Worse – Forbes

  1. Flesh-Eating Infections Rising On The East Coast, Scientists Warn — Global Warming Is Making It Worse Forbes
  2. Severe ‘flesh-eating’ infections tied to heat waves in eastern US, CDC reports Livescience.com
  3. Notes from the Field: Severe Vibrio vulnificus Infections During Heat Waves — Three Eastern U.S. States, July–August 2023 | MMWR CDC
  4. CDC: Deadly Vibrio Bacteria Killed Five People in Three States Last Summer Medpage Today
  5. CDC warn cases of deadly flesh-eating bacterial infection linked to climate change have DOUBLED in a year – and are killing Americans in their 30s MSN

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America’s economic hot streak is just warming up as early data suggests the fastest growth in nearly 2 years during 3Q – Fortune

  1. America’s economic hot streak is just warming up as early data suggests the fastest growth in nearly 2 years during 3Q Fortune
  2. After a robust third quarter, US economic growth will likely slow. That bodes well for rate cuts next year. CNN
  3. From Recession Fears to Too Good? What This Week’s GDP Data Will Tell Us – WSJ’s Take On the Week – WSJ Podcasts The Wall Street Journal
  4. Economists Predict US Recession Unlikely, Mortgage Rates Soar, And China’s Economy Surpasses Expectations Benzinga
  5. US Prepares GDP Scorcher As Fed Goes Silent Heisenberg Report
  6. View Full Coverage on Google News

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Greenland’s largest glacial floating ice declined 42% due to global warming, scientists determine – Phys.org

  1. Greenland’s largest glacial floating ice declined 42% due to global warming, scientists determine Phys.org
  2. The impact of ‘global boiling’: Shocking before and after photos reveal just how much the Greenland Ice Sheet melted during the ‘hottest month ever recorded on Earth’ Daily Mail
  3. Before and After Pictures Show Greenland’s Ice After Hottest Month Ever Newsweek
  4. Greenland ice sheets are weaker to climate change than we thought Space.com
  5. Pay dirt for ice core scientists in East Greenland as they reach bedrock Phys.org
  6. View Full Coverage on Google News

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The True Extent of Global Warming Has Been Hidden, Scientists Warn : ScienceAlert

Increasingly tempestuous winds have been sweeping dust from Earth’s deserts into our air at an increasing rate since the mid-1800s. New data suggests that this uptick has masked up to 8 percent of current global warming.

Using satellite data and ground measurements, researchers detected a steady increase in these microscopic airborne particles since 1850. Soil dust in ice cores, ocean sediments, and peat bogs shows the level of mineral dust in the atmosphere grew by around 55 percent over that time.

By scattering sunlight back into space and disrupting high-altitude clouds that can act like a blanket trapping warmer air below, these dust particles have an overall cooling effect, essentially masking the true extent of the current extra heat energy vibrating around our atmosphere.

Atmospheric physicist Jasper Kok from the University of California, Los Angeles, explains that this amount of dust would have decreased warming by about 0.1 degrees Fahrenheit. Without the dust, our current warming to date would be 2.3 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius).

“We show desert dust has increased, and most likely slightly counteracted greenhouse warming, which is missing from current climate models,” says Kok. “The increased dust hasn’t caused a whole lot of cooling – the climate models are still close – but our findings imply that greenhouse gases alone could cause even more climate warming than models currently predict.”

Higher wind speeds, drier soils, and changes in human land use all influence the amount of dust swept into our atmosphere. Some of this then falls into our oceans, feeding important nutrients like iron to photosynthesizing plankton that draw down carbon as they grow and reproduce.

This complicated desert dust cycle has yet to be factored into our climate models, and whether or not the amount of desert air particles will increase or decrease in the future is still unclear.

“By adding the increase in desert dust, which accounts for over half of the atmosphere’s mass of particulate matter, we can increase the accuracy of climate model predictions,” says Kok. “This is of tremendous importance because better predictions can inform better decisions of how to mitigate or adapt to climate change.”

This research was published in Nature Reviews Earth and Environment.

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The Surprising Connection Between Earth’s Orbital Patterns and an Ancient Warming Event

An international team of scientists has found that changes in Earth’s orbit that favored hotter conditions may have helped trigger a rapid global warming event 56 million years ago known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM).

An international team of scientists has suggested that changes in Earth’s orbit that resulted in hotter conditions may have played a role in triggering a rapid global warming event that occurred 56 million years ago. This event, known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), is considered to be an analog to modern-day climate change. 

“The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is the closest thing we have in the geologic record to anything like what we’re experiencing now and may experience in the future with climate change,” said Lee Kump, professor of geosciences at Penn State University. “There has been a lot of interest in better resolving that history, and our work addresses important questions about what triggered the event and the rate of carbon emissions.”

The team of scientists studied core samples from a well-preserved record of the PETM near the Maryland coast using astrochronology, a method of dating sedimentary layers based on orbital patterns that occur over long periods of time, known as Milankovitch cycles.

Victoria Fortiz (right), then a graduate student at Penn State, and Jean Self-Trail, a research geologist at the U.S. Geological Survey, work on a core sample from the Howards Tract site in Maryland. Credit: Penn State

They found the shape of Earth’s orbit, or eccentricity, and the wobble in its rotation, or precession, favored hotter conditions at the onset of the PETM and that these orbital configurations together may have played a role in triggering the event.

“An orbital trigger may have led to the carbon release that caused several degrees of global warming during the PETM as opposed to what’s a more popular interpretation at the moment that massive volcanism released the carbon and triggered the event,” said Kump, the John Leone Dean in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences.

The findings, published in the journal

“Those rates are close to an order of magnitude slower than the rate of carbon emissions today, so that is cause for some concern,” Kump said. “We are now emitting carbon at a rate that’s 5 to 10 times higher than our estimates of emissions during this geological event that left an indelible imprint on the planet 56 million years ago.”

The scientists conducted a time series analysis of calcium content and magnetic susceptibility found in the cores, which are proxies for changes in orbital cycles, and used that information to estimate the pacing of the PETM.

Earth’s orbit varies in predictable, calculable ways due to gravitational interactions with the sun and other planets in the solar system. These changes impact how much sunlight reaches Earth and its geographic distribution and therefore influence the climate.

“The reason there’s an expression in the geologic record of these orbital changes is because they affect climate,” Kump said. “And that affects how productive marine and terrestrial organisms are, how much rainfall there is, how much erosion there is on the continents, and therefore how much sediment is carried into the ocean environment.”

Erosion from the paleo Potomac and Susquehanna rivers, which at the onset of the PETM may have rivaled the discharge of the Amazon River, carried sediments to the ocean where they were deposited on the continental shelf. This formation, called the Marlboro Clay, is now inland and offers one of the best-preserved examples of the PETM.

“We can develop histories by coring down through the layers of sediment and extracting specific cycles that are creating this story, just like you could extract each note from a song,” Kump said. “Of course, some of the records are distorted and there are gaps — but we can use the same types of statistical methods that are used in apps that can determine what song you are trying to sing. You can sing a song and if you forget half the words and skip a chorus, it will still be able to determine the song, and we can use that same approach to reconstruct these records.”

Reference: “Astrochronology of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum on the Atlantic Coastal Plain” by Mingsong Li, Timothy J. Bralower, Lee R. Kump, Jean M. Self-Trail, James C. Zachos, William D. Rush and Marci M. Robinson, 24 September 2022, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33390-x

The study was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China and the Heising-Simons Foundation.



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Ice storm for I-5 corridor and metro area Friday, then warming for some of us Christmas Eve

Today was just about the warmest we’ve seen so far in December with temperatures around 50. As the front moves south of us this evening, the rain shuts off, skies partially clear, and colder airmass returns. Expect temperatures down around freezing late tonight and any wet roads will freeze. There’s a good chance some roads dry though before turning icy. Still, be careful during the morning commute!

Tomorrow will be a pleasant, cool, and crisp December day with lots of sunshine and not much wind most of the day. Around sunset, cold modified arctic air will arrive on a gusty northeast wind. This will be the cold airmass that’s been bottled up in Washington the past few days. By Thursday morning the east wind will be blowing hard in Portland and temperatures will be the coldest we’ve seen so far this season…down into the lower 20s! That’s a wind chill in the single digits, something we haven’t experienced in a few years. Assuming we don’t get above 29 Thursday, that will be our coldest day since January 2017.

Thursday will be dry until sometime in the afternoon as a few flurries start to fall. Then as we head into the evening hours the flurries change to ice pellets and finally freezing rain, depending on location in the metro area. By Friday morning the entire metro area and everywhere else west of the Cascades will be a frozen, icy mess. More freezing rain falls through the day Friday and that means we’ll basically be in ice storm conditions all day long Friday. Assume all roads will be frozen the entire day. Travel will be very difficult in the entire I-5 corridor.

Saturday should dawn with the same frozen conditions for just about the entire I-5 corridor and metro area. Freezing rain continues to fall at times Saturday in much of the metro area. But at some point later in the day a warming southerly wind should push all areas except central/east metro above freezing. As the sun sets Christmas Eve, a general thaw should be in progress except in those areas. But many areas could be out of power due to thick ice accumulation in the 48 hours before that time.

Rain (or freezing rain depending on location) will continue at times Saturday night through Sunday. The cold east wind should be mainly gone by Sunday morning, so expect ALL of the metro area to thaw Christmas Day. Temperatures in some areas could approach 60 degrees…it’s a very warm airmass overhead through the weekend.

AT THE COAST

The first area to thaw will be the northern Oregon and southern Washington coastline. Expect only a brief period of freezing rain Thursday evening and night, mainly NORTH of Lincoln City. The southerly wind takes over Friday and temps rise above freezing even way up on the Long Beach Peninsula by midday Friday.

(kptv)

IN THE VALLEY & NORTH TO LONGVIEW

This will be the 2nd area to warm up…most likely not really starting until Saturday. As we’ve seen in past ice/snow events, a very thin layer of cold air will remain down to about Albany/Lebanon for freezing rain off/on Friday. As long as wind remains northerly (through Saturday morning), temperatures won’t warm much. This is how it looks for these areas, including north Clark County to Longview. Most likely frozen from tomorrow night until Saturday morning. Now keep in mind the freezing level Saturday will be up around 7,000′ or so. When the south wind DOES arrive, it’s going to be a dramatic warming! Spots could go from 32 to 55-60 in just an hour or two! Up to ½” is possible from Thursday evening through Saturday morning in the valley, luckily nothing like the 1-2″ in spots during the February 2021 event. I think Christmas Eve (after sunset) should see pretty good travel conditions away from the Portland metro area (both north and south)

(kptv)

PORTLAND METRO AREA

As always, since this area is most exposed to cold air pouring out of the Columbia River Gorge, it’ll be the last to go above freezing.

– West of the West Hills, and south of about a Downtown to Clackamas line, temperatures should rise above freezing at some point Saturday. It could be a dramatic warming in those places too…32 to 55 in a short period of time! Clark county, away from the Columbia River, should see at least some thawing Saturday too, even if it takes until later in the day. For these areas, it’s possible you’ll be able to drive around comfortably after sunset on Christmas Eve. We’ll see how that works out.

– Downtown east toward the Columbia River Gorge? I have a feeling this part of Portland could stay frozen until Sunday morning, or at least until sometime overnight Saturday into Sunday. The problem is that A LOT of rain will have fallen down into the subfreezing air from Thursday night through Saturday evening. Hopefully it won’t be like December 1996, but I could see a lot of icing with this event, maybe well over ½” or even an inch of icing. This could be a big ice storm for the east metro area with at least an inch of icing and widespread power outages. Merry Christmas…

(kptv)

COLUMBIA RIVER GORGE

There’s no way the Gorge will see thawing through Christmas Day, so this is a 3+ day long event. Snow at first, and I-84 should “just” be snowy for the first part of Friday. Then ice pellets and finally a change to liquid rain freezing on contact later Friday. From that point through Sunday, it’s all freezing rain in the Gorge. Quite a “Merry No Power Christmas” for some of you!

(kptv)
(kptv)

WHY IS OUR FORECAST DIFFERENT?

Apparently our forecast looks much different than other forecasts for Friday and Saturday, which is a little unusual. Significantly colder and hanging onto freezing rain through Christmas Eve for at least some of the metro area.

(kptv)

Usually I’m the one downplaying snow chances with my “warm bias”.

But this is a setup I’ve seen time and time again, even the highest resolution models scouring out the thin cold layer too quickly. Sure, it’s better than 20+ years ago, but still issues. Check out this gem from a blog post in December 2016. It’s almost like Mark from 6 years ago is leaving me a message… “After countless events like this, I should have realized (again) that unless models forecast a significant southerly wind push up the valley, or a decent westerly wind in the Gorge, temps won’t warm up quickly at all” Blog post is here: https://fox12weather.wordpress.com/2016/12/09/cold-air-stuck-in-gorge-ice-snow-continue-tonight/

During that event, which wasn’t even as cold as this one is forecast to be, it only warmed up 2-3 degrees in a 24 hour period. So…we’re going very conservative with the warming Friday through Saturday, and thinking the Gorge stays frozen. Even the ECMWF model has 9 millibars easterly pressure gradient through the Gorge Saturday morning, and still 5 in the afternoon. The cold air will still be blasting into the east metro area on Saturday. Only on Sunday does it briefly go flat, but then returns to 5-6 millibars easterly Monday and Tuesday. I see a long duration ice storm out there with I-84 potentially closed for several days over the Christmas weekend.

That’s it for now…enjoy the dry weather tomorrow!

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World has nine years to avert catastrophic global warming, study shows

Comment

SHARM EL-SHEIKH, Egypt — Nations will likely burn through their remaining carbon budget in less than a decade if they do not significantly reduce greenhouse gas pollution, a new study shows, causing the world to blow past a critical warming threshold and triggering catastrophic climate impacts.

But new gas projects — launched in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the resulting global energy crunch — would consume 10 percent of that remaining carbon budget, making it all but impossible for nations to meet the Paris agreement goal of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, according to another report released Wednesday.

The Global Carbon Budget, an annual assessment of how much the world can afford to emit to stay within its warming targets, found that greenhouse gas pollution will hit a record high this year, with much of the growth coming from a 1 percent increase in carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. Emissions in both the United States and India have increased compared to last year, while China and the European Union will probably report small declines, according to the report.

To have a chance of keeping global temperature rise within 1.5 degrees Celsius, humanity can release no more than 380 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent over the coming decades — an amount equal to about nine years of current emissions, the report says. Avoiding warming beyond 1.5C will require the world to curb emissions by about 1.4 billion tons per year, comparable to how much emissions shrank in 2020 as a result of the economic slowdown from the coronavirus pandemic.

Yet even as scientists warn of the world’s dangerous trajectory, leaders here at the U.N. Climate Change Conference, known as COP27, have advocated for natural gas as a “transition fuel” that would ease the world’s switch from fossil energy to renewables. At least four new gas projects have been reported or announced in the past 10 days, with several African countries pledging to expand export capacity and supply more fuel to Europe. Representatives from both Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, the host of next year’s climate conference, have made clear they view COP27 as an opportunity to promote gas.

This rhetoric has alarmed scientists and activists who say expanding natural gas production could harm vulnerable communities and push the planet toward a hotter, hellish future.

“Gas is not a low carbon energy source,” said Julia Pongratz, a climate scientist at the University of Munich and an author of the Global Carbon Budget report released Friday.

Pongratz said it is still technically possible for the world to avoid temperature rise beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius — which scientists say is needed to avoid disastrous extreme weather, rampant hunger and disease and the collapse of ecosystems on which humanity depends.

But if fossil fuel use does not dramatically decline, “in a few years we will no longer be able to say it’s possible,” Pongraz said. “And then we would need to look back and say we could have done it and we didn’t. How do we explain that to our kids?”

Yet activists say they are also encouraged by other countries’ growing willingness to embrace a phaseout of fossil fuels. The Pacific island nation of Tuvalu this week joined Vanuatu in calling for a fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty. Kenyan President William Ruto declared that his country would not develop its hydrocarbon deposits but instead invest only in clean energy. Norway’s state owned energy company on Thursday put a hold on plans to develop a new Arctic oil field.

The gas study by the research group Climate Action Tracker shows that planned projects would more than double the world’s current liquefied natural gas capacity, generating roughly 47 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent between now and 2050.

According to the Energy Information Administration, burning gas for energy emits about half as much carbon dioxide equivalent as burning coal. But liquefying natural gas for transport and other parts of the gas production process can lead to leaks of methane, an especially potent greenhouse gas.

The planned expansion goes beyond what is needed to replace interrupted Russian fuel supplies, the study said. And it runs counter to findings by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the International Energy Agency that there can be no new gas, oil and coal development if humanity wants to prevent dangerous warming beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius.

“The world seems to have overreached in its bid to respond to the energy crisis,” said climate scientist Bill Hare, founder of Climate Action Tracker partner organization Climate Analytics and an author of the report.

The only way for these projects to be compatible with the 1.5C target, Hare said, would be for them to close before the end of their useful lives, creating a risk of turning billion-dollar facilities into “stranded assets.”

Both reports stand in contrast to the way fossil fuels — especially natural gas — have been discussed at COP27.

Nations made history at last year’s conference when they agreed on the need to phase down coal and fossil fuels — the first time an explicit reference to the main drivers of warming was included in a COP decision text. On the sidelines of that conference, a group of more than 20 countries pledged to stop public investments in overseas fossil fuel projects by the end of this year. But now some of those same countries are backsliding amid a frantic hunt for alternatives to Russian gas.

Fossil fuel projects were stalled a year ago. Now they’re making a comeback.

This week United Arab Emirates president and upcoming COP host Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan told leaders that the UAE would continue providing oil and gas “for as long as the world is in need.” Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis called for a brief increase in fossil fuel production, saying “without energy security there is no energy transition.” Tanzanian energy minister January Makamba announced a $40 billion new LNG export project. And although German Chancellor Olaf Scholz publicly said “there must not be a worldwide renaissance of fossil fuels,” his country has also encouraged nations like Algeria and Senegal to expand their gas production.

Meanwhile, an analysis of conference attendees by the advocacy group Global Witness found a sharp rise in representatives of the fossil fuel industry since last year’s COP. Some 200 people connected to oil, gas and coal are included in country delegations, the group said on Thursday, and another 236 are here with trade groups and other nongovernmental organizations.

“I’m really worried,” said Lorraine Chiponda, an environmental justice activist from Zimbabwe who co-facilitates a coalition of advocacy groups called Don’t Gas Africa. “This is supposed to be a space to discuss climate solutions, but instead it’s being used to drive fossil fuels.”

African nations are among the most vulnerable to climate change, and can’t afford to build out new fossil fuel infrastructure that will continue to heat the planet, she said. Local communities have also suffered as gas projects displace residents and generate air pollution.

European leaders’ justification that new gas projects are a short term solution to an energy crisis rings hollow, Chiponda added, given that some 600 million people in Africa have no access to electricity.

“Is that not a crisis?” she asked.

Catherine Abreu, director of the nonprofit Destination Zero, which calls for an end to fossil fuel use, said the push for gas was intertwined with the other issue dominating discussions in Sharm el-Sheikh: developing countries’ demand for more financial support from wealthier nations as they cope with the consequences of climate change.

Developing nations’ push for a loss and damage fund, through which large emitters would pay for irreversible climate harms like Pakistan’s recent floods, faces an uphill battle amid skepticism from the United States and other industrialized countries.

At COP27, flood-battered Pakistan leads push to make polluting countries pay

Meanwhile, wealthy nations have still not fulfilled an overdue promise to provide $100 billion to help vulnerable areas reduce emissions and adapt to warming that’s already underway. According to Climate Action Tracker, which also rates countries’ climate finance pledges, every rich country’s funding promises are insufficient.

“There’s such an imperative on investment in this region, and the only kind of investment that is available is for oil and gas,” Abreu said.

That tension was evident at a meeting of African leaders Tuesday, where African Development Bank president Akinwumi Adesina declared that “Africa needs gas” to develop.

“We want to make sure we have access to electricity,” he said, as the room broke out in applause. “We don’t want to become the museum of poverty in the world.”

Pongratz, one of the Global Carbon Budget report authors, hoped the findings would inform negotiators as the high-stakes, highly technical portion of the climate conference begins.

“We have depicted the urgency of the problem,” she said. “No one has the excuse of not knowing these numbers.”

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New maps of ancient warming reveal strong response to carbon dioxide

Enlarge / Global map of rainfall change due to warming 56 million years ago: green = wetter, brown = drier. Circles show where geological data show it became dryer or wetter, as a check on the new results.

Tierney et. al.

In a study published in PNAS, professor Jessica Tierney of the University of Arizona and colleagues have produced globally complete maps of the carbon-driven warming that occurred in the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 56 million years ago.

While the PETM has some parallels to present warming, the new work includes some unexpected results—the climate response to CO2 then was about twice as strong as the current best estimate by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). But changes in rainfall patterns and the amplification of warming at the poles were remarkably consistent with modern trends, despite being a very different world back then.

A different world

The warming of the PETM was triggered by a geologically rapid release of CO2, primarily from a convulsion of magma in Earth’s mantle at the place where Iceland is now situated. The magma invaded oil-rich sediments in the North Atlantic, boiling off CO2 and methane. It took an already warm, high-CO2 climate and made it hotter for tens of thousands of years, driving some deep-sea creatures and some tropical plants to extinction. Mammals evolved smaller, and there were big migrations across continents; crocodiles, hippo-like creatures, and palm trees all thrived just 500 miles from the North Pole, and Antarctica was ice-free.

As our climate warms, scientists are increasingly looking at past climates for insights, but they are hampered by uncertainties in temperature, CO2 levels, and the exact timing of changes—prior work on the PETM had temperature uncertainties on the order of 8° to 10° C, for example. Now Tierney’s team has narrowed that uncertainty range to just 2.4° C, showing that the PETM warmed by 5.6° C, a refinement on the previous estimate of approximately 5° C.

“We were really able to narrow that estimate down over previous work,” said Tierney.

The researchers also calculated the CO2 levels before and during the PETM derived from isotopes of boron measured in fossil plankton shells. They found CO2 was about 1,120 ppm just before the PETM, rising to 2,020 ppm at its peak. For comparison, preindustrial CO2 was 280 ppm, and we’re currently at about 418 ppm. The team was able to use these new temperature and CO2 values to calculate how much the planet warmed in response to a doubling of COvalues, or the “Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity” for the PETM.

Highly sensitive

The IPCC’s best estimate for climate sensitivity in our time is 3° C, but that comes with a large uncertainty—it could be anything between 2° to 5° C—due to our imperfect knowledge of feedbacks in the Earth system. If the sensitivity turns out to be on the higher end, then we’ll warm more for a given amount of emissions. Tierney’s study found the PETM climate sensitivity was 6.5° C—more than double the IPCC best estimate.

A higher number is “not too surprising,” Tierney told me, because earlier research had indicated Earth’s response to CO2 is stronger at the higher CO2 levels of Earth’s past. Our climate sensitivity won’t be that high: “We don’t expect that we’re going to experience a climate sensitivity of 6.5° C tomorrow,” Tierney explained.

Their paper does, however, suggest that if we continue to raise CO2 levels, it will nudge the temperature response to that CO2 higher. “We might expect some level of increased climate sensitivity in the near future, especially if we emit more greenhouse gases,” Tierney said.

Mapping climate by “Data Assimilation”

The new, sharper picture emerges from the way Tierney’s team dealt with geologists’ perennial problem: We don’t have data for every place on the planet. Geological data for the PETM is limited to locations where sediments from that time are preserved and accessible—typically either via a borehole or outcropping on land. Any conclusions about global climate must be scaled up from those sparse data points.

“It’s actually a hard problem,” remarked Tierney. “If you want to understand what’s happening spatially, it’s really hard to do that from just the geological data alone.” So Tierney and colleagues borrowed a technique from weather forecasting. “What weather folks are doing is they’re running a weather model, and as the day goes on, they take measurements of wind and temperature, and then they assimilate it into their model … and then run the model again to improve the forecast,” Tierney said.

Instead of thermometers, her team used temperature measurements from the remains of microbes and plankton preserved in 56 million-year-old sediments. Instead of a weather model, they used a climate model that had Eocene geography and no ice sheets to simulate the climate just before, and at the peak of, PETM warmth. They ran the model a bunch of times, varying CO2 levels and Earth’s orbital configuration because of the uncertainties in those. Then they used the microbe and plankton data to select the simulation that best fit the data.

“The idea is really to take advantage of the fact that model simulations are spatially complete. But they are models, so we don’t know if they’re right. The data know what happened, but they’re not spatially complete,” explained Tierney. “So, by blending them, we get the best of both worlds.”

To see how well their blended product matched reality, they checked it against independent data derived from pollen and leaves, and from places not included in the blending process. “They actually matched up really, really well, which is somewhat comforting,” said Tierney.

“The novelty of this study is to use a climate model to rigorously work out what climate state best fits the data both before and during the PETM, giving patterns of climate change all over the globe and a better estimate of global mean temperature change,” said Dr. Tom Dunkley Jones of the University of Birmingham, who was not part of the study.

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Democrats are warming to a Biden 2024 campaign. They’re just not sure if he’ll run.



CNN
 — 

Many Democratic leaders, operatives and officials are cautiously warming to the idea of President Joe Biden running for reelection in 2024, dozens of high-ranking Democrats told CNN.

But just like many voters and donors – as poll after poll shows – they’re still not sure he should do it, or that he will.

The mood has notably shifted among top Democrats in recent months. During the depths of Biden’s political struggles in March, some party leaders from all over the country huddled in the hallways of the Hilton a few blocks from the White House for the annual Democratic National Committee meeting, according to four people involved in the conversations. Over drinks, while looking around to make sure no one overheard, they winced and grimaced and whispered: What could they do to stop Biden from running for reelection again?

“There were people who were not certain he would be the right candidate,” said Jim Roosevelt, a top DNC member and the grandson of a president who ran for reelection more than any other.

When those same state party chairs and executive directors returned to the capital for their fall meeting two weeks ago, the disposition had whipped around. Biden’s summer of successes has started to permeate. Fears of a radical Donald Trump restoration remain high, mounting legal problems regardless. A potentially bruising open primary would loom if Biden decided against seeking another term.

“In New Mexico I’ve seen a radical shift after his speech in Philadelphia,” said the state’s Democratic Party chair Jessica Velasquez, referring to the President’s battle for the soul of democracy speech. “Part of that is he just keeps showing up.” A state party chair who asked not to be named added, “People were grumbling because nothing was passing. Now we’re getting the Biden we all voted for.”

Inside the White House – both in the West Wing and in first lady Dr. Jill Biden’s offices – the last six weeks have renewed confidence of the President’s chances in a reelection run. They’ve developed a chip-on-the-shoulder underdog mentality, saying people doubt Biden and claim they’re not excited by him before he pulls it all together and comes out on top. He did it after he was counted out during the 2020 primaries, they say, he did it in going up against Trump and he did it again when his presidency was assumed to have sputtered out in the spring.

Now they were ready to get on board – if he is.

“If he feels he can do it,” Roosevelt said, “people would want him to do it.”

Biden is already the oldest president ever and tends to keep a lighter public schedule than his predecessors, which has led to questions about how extensive a campaign he’d engage in. But even with those limited appearances recently, his poll numbers have been slowly moving upward.

Already at his rally in Washington on Friday, Biden delivered another in what has become a series of much more energetic speeches, ripping into Republicans while pacing the stage on a handheld mic, and then walking off the stage to the beat of Daft Punk’s “One More Time.”

But as much as most Democrats would love to be finished with the endless “Is he going to run?” discussion, Biden keeps stoking it.

“My intention, as I said to begin with, is that I would run again. But it’s just an intention. But is it a firm decision that I run again? That remains to be seen,” Biden said in his “60 Minutes” interview that aired last Sunday.

Advisers dismissed that answer as simply trying to listen to lawyers’ warnings of not preemptively triggering Federal Elections Commission laws around fundraising and activity. Many others are not convinced.

People in and around the President’s orbit would like him to make a decision by early 2023, after he comes back from his traditional Biden family Christmas, possibly by Martin Luther King Jr. Day.

“He will decide when he decides,” a top Democrat who speaks to the President told CNN, speaking on condition of anonymity to discuss a highly sensitive subject. “And rarely has he ever decided anything a minute sooner than he has to.”

Even in-the-know supporters who say they’re completely gung-ho about Biden 2024 quickly add that of course he’ll have to talk with his family to see what’s right for him – and that more than anything, they know everything hinges on the first lady.

No incumbent president has faced these kinds of continued doubts about running for reelection, which stretch from Pennsylvania Avenue to Pennsylvania.

Dave Henderson, the executive director of AFSCME Council 13 in Pennsylvania – who as a union leader from Pittsburgh is about as core a Biden voter as exists – said he’d supported the President from the start of his 2020 campaign and remains enthusiastic, but paused when asked if he’d support Biden for reelection.

“Tough question, because I’m not sure he’s going to run for reelection,” Henderson said.

Told that Biden has said he intends to run, Henderson signed on immediately: “If he’s running, then I’ve got his back.”

Sen. Chris Coons, the Delaware Democrat who holds Biden’s old seat and has stayed a confidant, told CNN the President “is seriously considering running,” and dismissed any static from the “60 Minutes” interview or elsewhere.

“He beat Donald Trump before; he’ll beat Donald Trump again. If that’s the way this race plays out, I think Joe Biden is the best Democrat to beat Donald Trump in 2024,” Coons said.

Standing on the White House driveway earlier this month after attending the Inflation Reduction Act celebration, Colorado Sen. Michael Bennet said that as one of the incumbent Democrats facing a strong GOP challenger in November, he’d be eager to have the President come campaign for him.

“People have connected that it’s Democrats delivering,” Bennet said, “But I’d say it’s something more important than that: It reflects a very different ethic than the chaos of the Trump White House.”

Those who know the first lady’s thought process, and are familiar with the strength of the Biden clan’s input, tell CNN that the last few months have also made them feel more open to another campaign. At times, they’ve expressed a little excitement at the prospect.

Jill Biden “is still processing” the idea, says a person with knowledge of the first lady’s recent conversations on the topic. She was never sold on Biden’s running in 2016, when he ultimately didn’t. She was in favor of his running in 2020, when he did.

“She will want to know if he can win, first and foremost. She will not want him put in a position where he could be embarrassed,” said one person who has worked for Biden for a long time and has witnessed the first lady’s tenacity with assessing data. “She will want to see a strategy for a primary and for a general (election).”

With the exception of Hunter Biden’s toddler-aged son, the other five Biden grandchildren are old enough, and care enough, to have an opinion on whether their “Pop” should run again. The President himself has recently returned to recounting the input his grandchildren gave him about getting into the 2020 race.

“Jill would make sure this decision would be made as a family – Hunter, Ashley, Val (Biden’s sister) and the grandchildren,” says the person who has worked with Biden. “She would want to know how they individually feel.”

A senior Biden adviser insisted there’s no wavering.

“The President has consistently said he intends to run for reelection and that is something both Dr. Biden and the family fully supports,” the adviser said. “The first lady will be an active campaigner for Democrats this fall and will carry a message of optimism and hope, focusing on the accomplishments of her husband’s administration. ‘Joe is delivering results’ will be a frequent message from her on the stump, name checking his achievements, and calling on voters to imagine what more he could do with larger majorities in Congress.”

Biden is now a couple of months older than he was when many Democrats were gingerly trying to nudge him off the stage in the spring, but suddenly they’re insisting age is just a number for a man who’d be an unprecedented 86 years old by the end of his second term.

“The age thing is a convenient place to go for people who had other reasons to say they didn’t want him to run,” said Rep. Brendan Boyle, a Pennsylvania congressman who was rooting for Biden to run in 2016, attended the first fundraiser of his 2020 campaign and is eager to see him go again. “It will be unique to have someone that age running for president. It was two years ago. It was in 2016 with Trump.”

Standing in a hallway in the Capitol, Boyle motioned toward the House floor, where all three top members of the Democratic leadership are already in their 80s.

“I serve in Congress,” he said. “To me, Joe Biden is young.”

Biden has always been sensitive about being seen as or called old, but he and others now say that all the talk over the summer that he wasn’t up to the moment and shouldn’t run for reelection was just Democrats voicing their despair that he and his White House seemed unable to get anything done.

“First half of the administration, people were basically describing him as Johnny Carson in his retirement year,” said Quinton Lucas, the 38-year-old mayor of Kansas City. “What you are seeing now is someone who is very active, going on trips, engaging with different parts of the administration.”

Getting results on “issues that not only are important for all Americans but issues the base has been talking about for a long time – guns, climate – that quells that discussion,” Lucas said.

Sitting at a bar in the Pittsburgh suburbs, Summer Lee, the young outspoken progressive almost certainly headed to Congress to succeed a retiring Democrat, said she’s not ready to commit to Biden – but is ready to hear him out.

“You can have a man for the moment, but it doesn’t matter unless we have a movement for the moment,” she said. Whatever happens, Biden “deserves to be able to set up that vision.”

“The best thing that could set us up for whatever it’s going to be, whether it’s President Biden or…. somebody else….is if we do not get slaughtered in this midterm,” Lee said.

Minnesota Rep. Ilhan Omar, an active supporter of Sen. Bernie Sanders in 2020 and frequent opponent of what she’s seen as Biden’s moderation, has been at the White House for several recent celebrations, including for the Inflation Reduction Act ceremony. She told CNN that Biden “should” run, and “we will support him.”

Others are not so clear. Sources tell CNN that many more elected officials on Capitol Hill than have said so publicly remain undecided on whether they want Biden to run again. However, they say there are also many more who are in favor of Biden running and are reluctant to say it publicly because they fear the perceived political consequences.

Multiple members of Congress ducked the question when asked by CNN, saying they didn’t want to be on record discussing the question at all, including one progressive member who was enthusiastic about Biden’s recent record and more open to a reelection campaign these days, but didn’t want to say so publicly.

Even boosters almost always include a little hedge – an “if,” a conditional tense, a “let’s wait and see.”

“If President Biden chooses to run for reelection, I look forward to supporting him,” Rep. Hakeem Jeffries, widely seen as Nancy Pelosi’s likely successor for leader of Democrats in the House, told CNN at a news conference last week – an answer that echoed many other lawmakers who spoke to CNN.

For now, Biden advisers and DNC officials are approaching the future with the assumption that it’s not an if. Still, his advisers rebuff questions about the planning underway for a potential reelection campaign.

“The President has consistently said he intends to run for reelection, and nothing has changed about that thinking or the timeline for making his decision,” one adviser told CNN.

Meanwhile, White House and DNC officials are laying the groundwork for a potential reelection campaign under the auspices of the party apparatus. DNC officials say it helps that states with major races for Senate and governor this year overlap with where infrastructure would be needed for a presidential campaign.

“He’s always said he intends to run, and we take him at his word,” former Rep. Cedric Richmond, a Biden adviser and senior DNC adviser, told CNN. “We’re laying the groundwork for ’24 while we continue to make historic investments in ‘22.”

DNC officials and Biden advisers credited those investments to Biden’s decision to focus on building the party apparatus rather than creating a campaign-in-waiting of his own, as both Presidents Barack Obama and Trump did.

“From the minute he became the nominee for the party … there was no question that we wouldn’t run everything in coordination with the DNC,” a senior Biden adviser said.

The DNC has so far raised a record $271 million this midterms cycle, according to a DNC official, and has spent or committed more than $70 million toward races in that time, more than doubling the DNC’s total 2018 midterm spending.

While aides insist the President is focused on the midterm elections and his legislative agenda, the topic of his own political future has come up during closed-door conversations with historians he invites into the White House, people familiar with the private talks told CNN.

Democratic supporters and longtime admirers who believe he should not run again make the argument that he could be a historic figure – rather than a lame duck – if he announced he would only serve one term. Some add, hopefully, that they believe his popularity would immediately skyrocket if he pulled out.

Biden did what he came to Washington to do, some around the President argue, but they also note that his top priority would be trying to ensure that Trump or another Republican wouldn’t follow him to undo all that.

Every one of these conversations is driven, at least in part, by a question that has so far gone unanswered: If not him, who?

Though Biden’s choice is one of the most consequential decisions facing the party, the topic is rarely addressed out loud to him. Even behind the closed doors of fundraisers the President attended this week in New York, attendees said, the 2024 campaign did not come up beyond what has become his regular warning about how much different the second half of his term could be if Republicans take majorities in Congress.

“This isn’t about 2024, this is about 2022,” he said at one.

Some Democratic voters are not as reticent.

“I like Biden, but to be totally honest, I think a lot of the old men – and old women – need to move on,” Marylou Blaisdell, a small business owner in Nashua, New Hampshire, said last week in an interview. “We need some turnover. We need some new blood. We need some new ideas.”

Yet if Biden does decide to run – and Trump is his challenger – Blaisdell said she would back him without reservation.

The people thinking through what a search for some youth would actually look like in a primary process – including potentially pitting multiple members of the Biden administration against each other and a replay of the 2020 campaign’s intense ideological fight between the progressive and moderate wings of the party – remain wary.

“I’m for holding off the s—show that will come after him for four more years,” one state party chair told CNN.

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Paleoclimatologist uncovers ancient climate feedback loop that accelerated effects of Earth’s last warming episode

A sample of ice that once held methane gas. Credit: WUSEL007⁠—own work, CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikipedia

Against the backdrop of a rapidly warming planet, the need to better understand the nature and long-term impact of positive climatic feedback loops—processes that accelerate the effects of warming—becomes critically important.

One way to assess the role and impact of climatic feedback processes is to use modeling studies to look into the likely future based on what we know now. Climate projection models, for instance, are the tools behind the 1.5° C global warming threshold adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Alternatively, you can look into the past to see what happened at a time when the Earth was up to 1-1.5°C warmer than today. That is what UC Santa Barbara’s Syee Weldeab did in a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The professor of paleoclimatology found feedback processes that have concerning implications for our modern, ongoing warming.

To get a paleoclimate perspective on global warming, Weldeab and his colleagues went back some 128,000 to 125,000 years ago to the peak Eemian warm episode. Oceans were up to 1-1.5°C warmer than during the Holocene (our current geological epoch). The authors examined marine sediment from the tropical Atlantic and found exceptionally strong warming of the intermediate water column during a brief interval within the peak Eemian warm episode.

“Remarkably, a substantially diminished Greenland Ice Sheet was capable of producing enough meltwater to perturb the density-driven circulation of the Atlantic Ocean,” Weldeab said. “This contributed significantly to the large warming of the intermediate waters we reconstructed.”

Typically, warm, salty water travels north from the tropics along the surface of the ocean and cools as it reaches northern mid and high latitudes. At this point, the now colder, denser water drops to the deep sea and travels back down toward the tropics. This interplay of density differences results in the currents that we’re familiar with today.

“What happens when you put a large amount of fresh water into the North Atlantic is basically it disturbs ocean circulation and reduces the advection of cold water into the intermediate depth of the tropical Atlantic, and as a result warms the waters at this depth,” he said.

While previous studies have discussed the disruption that meltwater caused to currents and temperatures at intermediate depths, the new paper reveals that this warming was “larger than previously thought.”

“We show a hitherto undocumented and remarkably large warming of water at intermediate depths, exhibiting a temperature increase of 6.7°C from the average background value,” Weldeab said.

This exceptionally strong warming has serious consequences, as the warm water impinges on marine sediment that contains abundant methane hydrates—a mixture of frozen water and methane. These deposits are not far below the surface of the seafloor.

Weldeab explained that at high pressure and low temperatures, the introduction of unusually warm water heats the seafloor sediment, and the ice-encapsulated gases begin to dissolve, releasing methane. Weldeab and colleagues used carbon isotopes (13C/12C) in the shells of microorganisms to uncover the fingerprint of methane release and methane oxidation across the water column.

“This is one of several amplifying climatic feedback processes where a warming climate caused accelerated ice sheet melting,” he said. “The meltwater weakened the ocean circulation, and as a consequence, the waters at intermediate depth warmed significantly, leading to destabilization of shallow subsurface methane hydrates and release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.”

It is not known for sure whether this feedback cycle will play out in the current round of global warming, though anthropogenic activity has created a higher rate of warming than the one that occurred in the Eemian period. These findings, according to the researchers, “document and connects a sequence of climatic events and climatic feedback processes associated with and triggered by the penultimate peak climate warming that can serve as a paleo-analog for modern ongoing warming.”

“Paleo perspective is a useful approach to help us assess what might come,” Weldeab said. “It doesn’t have to happen exactly like we found; every situation is different, but it gives you a direction where to look.”


Deep ocean warming as climate changes


More information:
Syee Weldeab et al, Evidence for massive methane hydrate destabilization during the penultimate interglacial warming, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2022). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201871119
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University of California – Santa Barbara

Citation:
Paleoclimatologist uncovers ancient climate feedback loop that accelerated effects of Earth’s last warming episode (2022, August 22)
retrieved 23 August 2022
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