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Science

Prehistoric giant sea turtle newly discovered in Europe

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Long ago, gigantic marine turtles swam the Earth’s seas. Until recently, these prehistoric giants, reaching lengths of over 3 meters (10 feet) from head to tail, had been thought to be found only in waters surrounding North America.

Now, scientists have discovered a previously unknown species — the largest European sea turtle ever to be identified.

Initially found by a hiker who stumbled upon the remains in 2016 in the Pyrenees mountains of northern Spain, the species has been given the name Leviathanochelys aenigmatica. “Leviathan” is the biblical term for a sea monster, an allusion to the creature’s large body size, while “chelys” translates to turtle and “aenigmatica” translates to enigma — in reference to the turtle’s peculiar characteristics, wrote the authors of a paper published Thursday in the journal Scientific Reports.

The unusual animal’s presence in this part of the prehistoric world revealed that giant turtles were more common than previously thought, according to the study.

Before the discovery, the largest European species measured at just 1.5 meters (5 feet) in length, similar to today’s leatherback sea turtles, which weigh an average of 300 to 500 kilograms (660 to 1,100 pounds) and measure 1 to 2 meters (or between 3 and 6.5 feet), according to the Smithsonian Institute.

The bone fragments of this newly identified species, however, have led scientists to estimate that Leviathanochelys had a 3.7-meter-long body (12.1 feet), almost as big as an average sedan.

“We never thought it was possible to find something like this. After quite a long study of the bone fragments, we realized that there were some features that were totally different, not present in any other fossil of a turtle species discovered so far,” said Albert Sellés, coauthor of the study and a postdoctoral researcher at the Autonomous University of Barcelona’s Miquel Crusafont Catalan Institute of Paleontology in Spain.

Originally, researchers believed the bones belonged to a different kind of animal, according to Sellés.

“It is quite common to find bone fragments, a lot of them. But most of them are uninformative,” Sellés said. “It is quite rare to discover something that really tells you a little bit of the life of the past.”

A local museum and Catalonia’s Ministry of Culture had originally collected the bone specimens, but they remained unstudied for nearly five years. When Sellés and the other researchers began their work studying the bones in 2021, they realized they were looking at a species of marine turtle completely new to science, and quickly went back to the Pyrenees site to perform more excavations.

There, more fragments of the specimen, including pieces of the turtle’s pelvis and carapace — the part of the shell that covered the creature’s back — were discovered. With these finds, the scientists observed more features not previously seen in any living or dead turtle species.

“The main differences of this new fossil are related to the pelvic region. More specifically, to a couple of bony bumps present in the anterior part of the pelvis, which we suspect are related to some kind of muscle that controls the movement of the abdominal region of the turtle,” Sellés said.

This feature or muscle most likely impacted the turtles’ breathing capacity, allowing them to hold their breath longer than other turtle species, in order to swim deep in the ocean to find food or escape predators, according to Sellés.

The research team estimated the ancient animal lived during the Campanian Age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch, making it at least 72 million years old.

The largest turtle on record, called Archelon, lived some 70 million years ago and grew to be about 4.5 meters (15 feet) long. Before this recent discovery, all prehistoric giant marine turtle discoveries were part of the same lineage as Archelon.

“We’re proving that turtles could achieve really gigantic proportions in different times, and also in different families,” Sellés said. “For the first time, we found a (giant) turtle that doesn’t belong to this family.”

The researchers hope to return to the fossil site again to look for more bones, as they are not certain that all fragments from this specimen have been discovered, according to Sellés.

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Science

Fossils of car-sized dinosaur-era sea turtle unearthed in Spain

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Nov 17 (Reuters) – Plying the subtropical seas that washed the coasts of the archipelago that made up Europe 83 million years ago was one of the largest turtles on record, a reptile the size of a small car – a Mini Cooper to be precise – that braved dangerous waters.

Researchers on Thursday described remains discovered in northeastern Spain of a turtle named Leviathanochelys aenigmatica that was about 12 feet (3.7 meters) long, weighed a bit under two tons and lived during the Cretaceous Period – the final chapter in the age of dinosaurs. It is Europe’s biggest-known turtle.

It dwarfed today’s largest turtle – the leatherback, which can reach 7 feet (2 meters) long and is known for marathon marine migrations. Leviathanochelys nearly matched the largest turtle on record – Archelon, which lived roughly 70 million years ago and reached about 15 feet (4.6 meters) long.

“Leviathanochelys was as long as a Mini Cooper while Archelon was the same size as a Toyota Corolla,” said paleontologist and study co-author Albert Sellés of the Institut Català de Paleontologia (ICP), a research center affiliated with Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

It was good to be the size of a car, considering the hazardous traffic in the ancient Tethys Sea in which Leviathanochelys swam. Huge marine reptiles with powerful jaws called mosasaurs were the largest predators – some exceeding 50 feet (15 meters) in length. Various sharks and rays as well as long-necked fish-eating marine reptiles called plesiosaurs also lurked.

“Attacking an animal of the size of Leviathanochelys possibly only could have been done by large predators in the marine context. At that time, the large marine predators in the European zone were mainly sharks and mosasaurs,” said Oscar Castillo, a student in a master’s degree program in paleontology at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and lead author of the study published in the journal Scientific Reports.

[1/2] An illustrated reconstruction of the large Cretaceous Period sea turtle Leviathanochelys aenigmatica, which lived about 83 million years ago and whose fossils were found in Catalonia’s Alt Urgell county in northeastern Spain, is seen in this undated handout image. ICRA_Arts/Museu de la Conca Della – Institut Catala de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont/Handout via REUTERS

“During the Cretaceous, there was a tendency in marine turtles to increase their body size. Leviathanochelys and Archelon might represent the apex of this process. The reason for this increase in body size has been hypothesized to be predatory pressures, but there might be other factors,” Castillo added.

Other large turtles from Earth’s past include Protostega and Stupendemys, both reaching about 13 feet (4 meters) long. Protostega was a Cretaceous sea turtle that lived about 85 million years ago and, like its later cousin Archelon, inhabited the large inland sea that at the time split North America in two. Stupendemys prowled the lakes and rivers of northern South America about 7-13 million years ago during the Miocene Epoch.

Scientists unearthed the Leviathanochelys remains near the village of Coll de Nargó in Catalonia’s Alt Urgell county after fossils protruding from the ground were spotted by a hiker in the Southern Pyrenees mountains. To date, they have found parts of the posterior portion of its carapace, or shell, and most of the pelvic girdle, but no skull, tail or limbs.

The fossils indicated that it possessed a smooth carapace similar to leatherback turtles, with the shell itself about 7.7 feet (2.35 meters) long and 7.2 feet (2.2 meters) wide. Leviathanochelys appears built for the open ocean, returning to land only rarely – for instance to lay eggs.

The presence of a couple of bony bulges on the front side of the pelvis differs from any other known sea turtle, indicating that Leviathanochelys represents a newly discovered lineage. It shows that gigantism in marine turtles developed independently in separate Cretaceous lineages in North America and Europe.

Leviathanochelys aenigmatica means “enigmatic leviathan turtle” owing to its large size and the curious shape of its pelvis that the researchers suspect was related to its respiratory system.

“Some pelagic (living in the open ocean) animals show a modification in their respiratory system to maximize their breathing capacity at great depths,” Sellés said.

Reporting by Will Dunham in Washington, Editing by Rosalba O’Brien

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

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Technology

What happens if you kill Miriel, the Pope Turtle, in Elden Ring?

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If you’re one of the 12 million people who bought Elden Ring in the past few weeks, you have likely met Miriel, a.k.a. the Pastor of Vows, a.k.a. Pope Turtle, a.k.a. an instant addition to the Video Game Character Hall of Fame. Presumably, you befriend this rare, kind soul in the Lands Between. But Elden Ring is a game by FromSoftware, so you may have also wondered a thought so insidious that it must never be spoken: What would happen if I slay the Turtle Pope?

Reader, learn from the mistakes of others. Do not kill the Turtle Pope.

This is why we have the internet, after all. So others may make mistakes and thoroughly document them for our morbid curiosity. YouTubers like Indyrael have captured footage of Miriel being sliced and diced into turtle soup. Be warned, this video isn’t what I’d call a fun time.

Somehow, even more than this video, the written account has calcified my heart and crumbled the organ to dust. On Reddit, user VG_Crimson published a horrific moment-to-moment retelling of turtle murder titled “I killed Pope Turtle, so you don’t have to.”

Miriel has a tremendous repository of health and doesn’t appear concerned about the initial blows. They attempt to retreat into their shell but that is not possible, presumably because of their extra-large pope hat. Despite Miriel’s strength and confidence and kindness, eventually, the health bar can and will reach zero. That’s when the true punishment comes.

Miriel doesn’t curse you, debuff your stats, or even do damage. Miriel weeps. “It’s a sad scream,” writes VG_Crimson, “much higher pitched than you’d expect from one of his size. You gain a couple of turtle neck meats and his bell bearing to buy whatever was available in his shop, but never again will he ask that you learn together.”

FromSoftware games like Dark Souls have a long history of offering surprise rewards or terrifying punishment for players who push against its boundaries. But with Miriel, the game’s creators seem to understand that the biggest twist of killing Pope Turtle is for the game to change in no way beyond the absence of his adorable smile.

The Lands Between have so few friends, protect the ones you have!

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Technology

Tencent Acquires Turtle Rock Studios

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LAKE FOREST, Calif. & SHENZHEN, China–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Tencent Holdings Ltd. (SEHK: 00700) (“Tencent”) has acquired Turtle Rock Studios’ (“Turtle Rock”) parent company, Slamfire, Inc., the companies announced today.

Turtle Rock will become part of Tencent, while retaining its independent operations out of Lake Forest, CA, USA, and its existing team will continue to run all studio operations, led by co-founders Phil Robb and Chris Ashton. The acquisition will have no effect on Back 4 Blood, Turtle Rock’s hit multiplayer action game, which is published by Warner Bros. Games.

“We are all looking forward to joining the Tencent family of studios,” said Steve Goldstein, president and general manager of Turtle Rock Studios. “Tencent’s outstanding partners, global reach, deep knowledge of gaming and unprecedented support will help us create the kinds of ambitious games we dream of, while allowing us to retain our autonomy and independent spirit.”

“We are huge fans of Turtle Rock’s games, especially their amazing approach to creating co-operative online games,” said Eddie Chan, chief strategy officer of Tencent Games Global. “We can’t wait to see what comes next, and we’re excited to be part of their future.”

Juno Capital Partners represented Turtle Rock as M&A and strategic advisor, Creative Artists Agency represented Turtle Rock as its talent agency and Straddling, Yocca, Carlson & Rauth and Kabealo Law acted as legal counsel for Turtle Rock in the transaction.

About Turtle Rock Studios

Turtle Rock Studios, Inc. is an award-winning game developer best known as the creators of Back 4 Blood, Evolve and Left 4 Dead. Turtle Rock Studios is currently supporting its acclaimed co-op shooter, Back 4 Blood, in partnership with Warner Bros. Games.

About Tencent

Tencent uses technology to enrich the lives of internet users. Its communication and social services, Weixin and QQ, connect users with each other and with digital content and services, both online and offline, making their lives more convenient. Its targeted advertising service helps advertisers reach out to hundreds of millions of consumers in China. Tencent’s fintech and business services support partners’ business growth and assist their digital upgrade. Tencent was founded in Shenzhen, China in 1998. Shares of Tencent (00700.HK) are listed on the Main Board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong.

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Science

Outside of Earth’s ‘shell,’ SpaceX’s Crew-3 reveal turtle as zero-g indicator

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The “turtle-takeover” of outer space has begun.

Just moments after entering Earth orbit on Wednesday (Nov. 10), SpaceX Crew-3 astronaut Kayla Barron released a sparkling sea turtle to float above her head. The “zero-g indicator,” a doll used to show that she and her three crewmates’ were in the microgravity environment of space, was also a signal that “The Turtles” had arrived.

“We do have a few things in store … for representing our class in space,” Barron said in a pre-flight interview with collectSPACE.com. “We are really excited about the upcoming Turtle-takeover of the space station.”

Barron and her Crew-3 commander, Raja Chari, are both “Turtles,” or members of NASA’s 22nd class of astronauts selected in 2017. Following a long-standing tradition, the nickname was chosen by the preceding astronaut class as a good-natured rub that the 12 then-new recruits were a tad green around the collar, a bit shell-shocked at being selected and, given the effects of a hurricane at the time, faced having their new homes submerged underwater just as they arrived at the Johnson Space Center in Houston.

Related: NASA halts human moon lander work with SpaceX amid Blue Origin lawsuit

SpaceX Crew-3 commander Raja Chari and mission specialist Kayla Barron are the first two members of NASA’s 22nd class of astronauts, nicknamed “The Turtles,” to fly into space. (Image credit: SpaceX)

Now, as the first members of their class to launch into space, Barron and Chari were proud to let their Turtle “flag” fly.

“We have got some decorations to take along with us,” Chari told collectSPACE earlier this year, possibly referencing the then-still-secret zero-g indicator. “Definitely some references to turtles that I think we’ll see, once we get up.”

Update: During a downlink from the Crew Dragon “Endurance,” Barron introduced her and her crewmates zero-g indicator: “We want to introduce our zero-g indicator, ‘Pfau’ — that’s German for ‘peacock.’ We chose Pfau to be our zero-g indicator because Raj and I are both from the class called “The Turtles,” and we’re excited to represent our class in space. Tom [Marshburn] is a ‘Peacock,’ so to get everybody on board we picked a peacock turtle — you’ll notice she’s peacock colored — and we named her Pfau, which is German for peacock,” said Barron. “The Peacocks” was the nickname for NASA’s 19th astronaut class selected in 2004. The choice of German is a nod to Crew-3’s fourth member, Matthias Maurer of the European Space Agency.

The original article continues below.

The plush sea turtle appeared to be “Emerald Tara Turtle,” an 11-inch-long (28-cm) doll produced by Aurora World as part of its “Sea Sparkles” line. The toy’s soft shell is lined in sequins that when reversed change color from green to silver.

The doll quickly sold out online within minutes of Barron revealing it in space. Aurora World’s web page describing the plush turtle was removed from its catalog, seemingly confirming the identification. A similar toy, featuring rainbow, rather than green sequins also sold out.

Related: SpaceX Inspiration4 astronauts return to Earth with historic splashdown off Florida coast

Aurora World’s “Emerald Tara Turtle,” an 11-inch-long (28-cm) doll, appears to match the Crew-3 astronauts’ zero-g indicator. (Image credit: Aurora World)

The public’s interest in the Crew-3 zero-g indicator continues a trend that began with SpaceX’s first flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station in 2019. The Demo-1 mission lacked astronauts on board, but launched a plush planet Earth. Celestial Buddies, the maker of the doll, was inundated with orders overnight.

Similar demand was seen for “Tremor,” a sequined Apatosaurus dinosaur doll made by Ty, which flew with SpaceX’s first mission to carry astronauts to and from the space station. Since then, other zero-g indicators have included a toy version of Star Wars’ “Grogu” (“Baby Yoda”), a Jellycat “My First Penguin” named by its crew “GuinGuin,” and a Gund-made spacesuit-clad puppy modeled after St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital’s facility dogs. The latter continues to sell out each time the hospital’s gift shop restocks them.

The tradition of flying zero-g indicators was borrowed from the Russian space program and the world’s first person to fly into space. Yuri Gagarin flew a small doll with him on his Vostok 1 mission in 1961. Later, cosmonauts launched with stuffed toys, often the choice of their children, and hung them from their spacecraft control panels.

The patch for NASA’s 22nd class of astronauts, as chosen in 2017, features a nod to the group’s nickname, “The Turtles.” (Image credit: NASA)

Although likely unintended by the Crew-3 astronauts, which in addition to Barron and Chari also includes NASA astronaut Tom Marshburn and Matthias Maurer of the European Space Agency (ESA), “turtles” also holds another connotation in U.S. space history. Mercury astronaut Walter “Wally” Schirra was challenged over his membership in the Ancient Order of Turtles, a drinking club that began among World War II pilots.

“Hey, Wally, are you a turtle?” came the call from Mission Control just minutes into his 1962 Sigma 7 mission. By the rules of the Order, Schirra had to answer “You bet your sweet ass I am!” or be forced to buy drinks for everyone within earshot. Unable to say the then-off color reply over open air, Schirra recorded his answer and played it back once back on the ground.

At least one member of “The Turtles,” though, recognized the connection.

“You bet your sweet astronaut they are!” tweeted Zena Cardman, responding to a Twitter post about her classmates’ zero-g indicator on Wednesday night.

Follow collectSPACE.com on Facebook and on Twitter at @collectSPACE. Copyright 2021 collectSPACE.com. All rights reserved.



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Science

Fossilized egg from prehistoric giant turtle reveals baby inside

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Standing in a farmer’s home in China’s Henan Province in the summer of 2018, paleontologists Fenglu Han and Haishui Jiang peered down into a box of rounded lumps of rock. The farmer had collected the trove near his home in Neixiang County, which is renowned for its dinosaur eggs. One stony orb in particular caught the scientists’ eyes. About the size and shape of a billiard ball, the fossil was unlike any dinosaur egg they’d seen before.

Han and Jiang, who are based at the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan, initially thought the egg might have come from a new dinosaur species. But careful analysis revealed something even rarer. Entombed in the egg’s rocky confines lay the remains of a giant extinct turtle.

The newfound fossil belongs to an extinct group of land-dwelling turtles known as the nanhsiungchelyids, according to a new study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. This group grew to momentous sizes and walked the Earth alongside the dinosaurs during the Cretaceous, a period that spanned from 145 to 66 million years ago. The turtle that laid the fossil egg—which is among the largest known from this time—was exceptionally big and likely sported a shell about as long as an average person is tall, the team estimates.

“These were not small turtles by any stretch,” says Darla Zelenitsky, an author of the new study and a paleontologist at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada.

Discovering fossil embryos from any creature is not common. The delicate tissues and bones of developing animals readily break down over time. Turtle embryos are even less common than those of dinosaurs, perhaps partially because most turtle eggs are tiny and have thin shells, Zelenitsky says. Only a few fossil turtle embryos have ever been discovered, none of which are preserved well enough for scientists to place them in the turtle family tree.

This latest fossil embryo helped the team identify other turtle eggs that belong to the same group, providing a window to their ancient nesting behaviors and evolutionary adaptations. 

While only so many conclusions can be drawn from a single fossil, the discovery of this one ancient turtle embryo is a promising hint that there are more waiting to be found, says Tyler Lyson, associate curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, who was not part of the study team. “It’s only a matter of time.”

Reconstructing the tiny turtle

When Han and Jiang first saw the fossil egg, a pair of spindly bones that poked out from a crack on one side was the only hint of the treasure within. The farmer agreed to let the scientists take the egg for study, and he led them to the place where he found the strange egg. They spotted several others, but those fossils hadn’t held up well through the millennia, Han says via email.

Back in their lab, the researchers scanned the farmer’s egg with micro-computed tomography (CT), which uses X-rays to peer beneath the fossil’s smooth, rocky surface. The CT images revealed a tangle of disjointed bones within the egg. To make sense of the jumble, the team reconstructed each bone in three dimensions and then virtually assembled the tiny skeleton.

Overall, the embryo is strikingly similar to modern turtles, says Raul Diaz, a reptile evolutionary biologist specializing in embryos at California State University, Los Angeles. He points to the embryo’s flat ribs, which would have hardened and spread as the turtle grew to form the underlying structure of its protective shell. “It’s almost—in my head—indistinguishable from what I would see in the lab,” says Diaz, who was not part of the new study.

However, there were a few key features that helped identify the ancient turtle’s specific group. The upper jawbone, for example, bears a strong resemblance to nanhsiungchelyids, Zelenitsky says, due to its slightly square shape and serrated back edge.

Tough eggshells

Perhaps the most striking feature of the egg was its sturdy shell, which at two millimeters thick differs from the paper-thin shells common among turtles. Modern turtles have a variety of eggshell thicknesses, from the leathery orbs of sea turtles to the tough eggs of the Galápagos giant tortoises. But the newfound egg’s shell measures about four times thicker than those of Geochelone elephantopus, one of the Galápagos giants, according to the study team.

The exact purpose of the ancient turtle’s tough eggshells is uncertain. The thickness may be an adaptation to the arid climate that is believed to have existed at the time, inferred from plant life found in the same rock formation as the egg. A thick shell would have limited the amount of water that escaped from the egg. Alternatively, the shell could have prevented the eggs from breaking if the turtles dug deep nests underground.

Regardless of the thick shell’s purpose, Zelenitsky says, “I don’t know how they got out.” The newborn turtles must have had to rigorously flex and extend their limbs in their attempts to hatch.

Wiped out with the dinosaurs

The fact that nanhsiungchelyid turtles lived and nested on land may have contributed to their demise. The group died out alongside all non-avian dinosaurs some 66 million years ago, when a colossal asteroid hurtled into Earth. The impact sent out a blast of energy that flung sizzling hot rock into the skies and ignited vast tracts of land. “Anything that was on the surface got boiled,” Lyson says.

But “most turtles sail right through” the extinction, he says. This includes aquatic river turtles that were relatives of the nanhsiungchelyids, whose underwater lifestyle may have buffered them from the asteroid’s blast. Diet may have also played a role in the turtles’ undoing, as nanhsiungchelyids were strictly plant-eaters, and such a limited diet would have made it tough for the turtles to find food in the post-impact world.

Turtle eggshells like the nanhsiungchelyids’ were not seen again after the impact, and the researchers suggest that perhaps the thick shells were unsuited to the dramatic shift in the environment. But more information is necessary to figure out exactly why the thick shells disappeared.

The new analysis is an important reminder of how far paleontology has come, says Emma Schachner, an evolutionary biologist at Louisiana State University, New Orleans, who was not part of the study team. Without destroying the fossil, scientists in the past could only study its exterior, but now, there’s a whole world of digital reconstruction available. “The model is definitely what makes it special, in my opinion,” she says of the new study.

Yet the work also shows how much there is still to learn about ancient turtles. Far fewer researchers devote their time to studying ancient turtles than charismatic dinosaurs, Lyson says. But turtles offer plenty of intrigue. “They just have this completely different body plan than any other animal,” he says.

He hopes that finds like this fossilized turtle embryo will help inspire a new generation to work on untangling how these curious creatures came to be. What we need, he says, is “more good fossil turtle workers.”

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The farmer had collected the trove near his home in Neixiang County, which is renowned for its dinosaur eggs. One stony orb in particular caught the scientists' eyes. About the size and shape of a billiard ball, the fossil was unlike any dinosaur egg they'd seen before."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html1","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Han and Jiang, who are based at the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan, initially thought the egg might have come from a new dinosaur species. But careful analysis revealed something even rarer. Entombed in the egg's rocky confines lay the remains of a giant extinct turtle."},"type":"p"},{"id":"turtle-egg-fossil","cntnt":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"turtle-egg-fossil","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"The fossilized egg from the Cretaceous period, containing a rare turtle embryo inside.","credit":"Photograph by Yuzheng Ke","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.9887570268582137,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke.jpg","altText":"A dark and blue egg centered.","crdt":"Photograph by Yuzheng Ke","dsc":"Egg containing baby turtle.","ext":"jpg"},"imageAlt":"A dark and blue egg centered.","imageSrc":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/deb73ee1-2ec1-4325-8532-91e310292456/Nanhsiungchelyid-turtle-egg-containing-baby-turtle--Photo-by-Yuzheng-Ke_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"html2","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The newfound fossil belongs to an extinct group of land-dwelling turtles known as the nanhsiungchelyids, according to a new study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. This group grew to momentous sizes and walked the Earth alongside the dinosaurs during the Cretaceous, a period that spanned from 145 to 66 million years ago. The turtle that laid the fossil egg—which is among the largest known from this time—was exceptionally big and likely sported a shell about as long as an average person is tall, the team estimates."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html3","cntnt":{"mrkup":""These were not small turtles by any stretch," says Darla Zelenitsky, an author of the new study and a paleontologist at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html4","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Discovering fossil embryos from any creature is not common. The delicate tissues and bones of developing animals readily break down over time. Turtle embryos are even less common than those of dinosaurs, perhaps partially because most turtle eggs are tiny and have thin shells, Zelenitsky says. Only a few fossil turtle embryos have ever been discovered, none of which are preserved well enough for scientists to place them in the turtle family tree."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html5","cntnt":{"mrkup":"This latest fossil embryo helped the team identify other turtle eggs that belong to the same group, providing a window to their ancient nesting behaviors and evolutionary adaptations. "},"type":"p"},{"id":"html6","cntnt":{"mrkup":"While only so many conclusions can be drawn from a single fossil, the discovery of this one ancient turtle embryo is a promising hint that there are more waiting to be found, says Tyler Lyson, associate curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, who was not part of the study team. "It's only a matter of time.""},"type":"p"},{"id":"html7","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Reconstructing the tiny turtle"},"type":"h2"},{"id":"html8","cntnt":{"mrkup":"When Han and Jiang first saw the fossil egg, a pair of spindly bones that poked out from a crack on one side was the only hint of the treasure within. The farmer agreed to let the scientists take the egg for study, and he led them to the place where he found the strange egg. They spotted several others, but those fossils hadn't held up well through the millennia, Han says via email."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html9","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Back in their lab, the researchers scanned the farmer’s egg with micro-computed tomography (CT), which uses X-rays to peer beneath the fossil's smooth, rocky surface. The CT images revealed a tangle of disjointed bones within the egg. To make sense of the jumble, the team reconstructed each bone in three dimensions and then virtually assembled the tiny skeleton."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html10","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Overall, the embryo is strikingly similar to modern turtles, says Raul Diaz, a reptile evolutionary biologist specializing in embryos at California State University, Los Angeles. He points to the embryo's flat ribs, which would have hardened and spread as the turtle grew to form the underlying structure of its protective shell. "It's almost—in my head—indistinguishable from what I would see in the lab," says Diaz, who was not part of the new study."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html11","cntnt":{"mrkup":"However, there were a few key features that helped identify the ancient turtle's specific group. The upper jawbone, for example, bears a strong resemblance to nanhsiungchelyids, Zelenitsky says, due to its slightly square shape and serrated back edge."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html12","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Tough eggshells"},"type":"h2"},{"id":"html13","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Perhaps the most striking feature of the egg was its sturdy shell, which at two millimeters thick differs from the paper-thin shells common among turtles. Modern turtles have a variety of eggshell thicknesses, from the leathery orbs of sea turtles to the tough eggs of the Galápagos giant tortoises. But the newfound egg's shell measures about four times thicker than those of Geochelone elephantopus, one of the Galápagos giants, according to the study team."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html14","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The exact purpose of the ancient turtle’s tough eggshells is uncertain. The thickness may be an adaptation to the arid climate that is believed to have existed at the time, inferred from plant life found in the same rock formation as the egg. A thick shell would have limited the amount of water that escaped from the egg. Alternatively, the shell could have prevented the eggs from breaking if the turtles dug deep nests underground."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html15","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Regardless of the thick shell’s purpose, Zelenitsky says, "I don't know how they got out." The newborn turtles must have had to rigorously flex and extend their limbs in their attempts to hatch."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html16","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Wiped out with the dinosaurs"},"type":"h2"},{"id":"html17","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The fact that nanhsiungchelyid turtles lived and nested on land may have contributed to their demise. The group died out alongside all non-avian dinosaurs some 66 million years ago, when a colossal asteroid hurtled into Earth. The impact sent out a blast of energy that flung sizzling hot rock into the skies and ignited vast tracts of land. "Anything that was on the surface got boiled," Lyson says."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html18","cntnt":{"mrkup":"But "most turtles sail right through" the extinction, he says. This includes aquatic river turtles that were relatives of the nanhsiungchelyids, whose underwater lifestyle may have buffered them from the asteroid's blast. Diet may have also played a role in the turtles’ undoing, as nanhsiungchelyids were strictly plant-eaters, and such a limited diet would have made it tough for the turtles to find food in the post-impact world."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html19","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Turtle eggshells like the nanhsiungchelyids’ were not seen again after the impact, and the researchers suggest that perhaps the thick shells were unsuited to the dramatic shift in the environment. But more information is necessary to figure out exactly why the thick shells disappeared."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html20","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The new analysis is an important reminder of how far paleontology has come, says Emma Schachner, an evolutionary biologist at Louisiana State University, New Orleans, who was not part of the study team. Without destroying the fossil, scientists in the past could only study its exterior, but now, there's a whole world of digital reconstruction available. "The model is definitely what makes it special, in my opinion," she says of the new study."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html21","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Yet the work also shows how much there is still to learn about ancient turtles. Far fewer researchers devote their time to studying ancient turtles than charismatic dinosaurs, Lyson says. But turtles offer plenty of intrigue. "They just have this completely different body plan than any other animal," he says."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html22","cntnt":{"mrkup":"He hopes that finds like this fossilized turtle embryo will help inspire a new generation to work on untangling how these curious creatures came to be. What we need, he says, is "more good fossil turtle workers.""},"type":"p"}],"cid":"drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:1bc30b72-7e7f-4a69-909e-d372a25d379f","cntrbGrp":[{"contributors":[{"displayName":"Maya Wei-Haas"}],"title":"By","rl":"Writer"}],"mode":"richtext","dscrptn":"The turtle that laid the egg may have had a shell as long as a person is tall, roaming the Earth alongside the dinosaurs.","enableAds":true,"endbug":true,"isMetered":true,"isUserAuthed":false,"ldMda":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"4089e2ac-a97f-45fa-a7d3-d2d4eca97b5d","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"A fossilized egg found in China revealed a surprise inside: the baby of a giant prehistoric turtle.","credit":"Illustration by Masato 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buried nest of eggs with turtles hatching.","crdt":"Illustration by Masato Hattori","dsc":"Deeply buried nest","ext":"jpg"},"imageAlt":"A buried nest of eggs with turtles hatching.","imageSrc":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2e819341-403b-43c3-bc0a-e9e1bea5caf3/Nanhsiungchelyid-deeply-buried-nest---Artwork-copyright-Masato-Hattori_16x9.jpg?w=636&h=358","hideEndBug":true,"type":"imageLead","hideLine":true},"mdDt":"2021-08-17T22:15:00.466Z","readTime":"7 min read","schma":{"athrs":[{"name":"Maya Wei-Haas"}],"cnnicl":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/fossilized-egg-from-prehistoric-giant-turtle-reveals-baby-inside","kywrds":"nanhsiungchelyid, nanhsiungchelyidae","lg":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/default.NG.logo.dark.jpg","pblshr":"National Geographic","abt":"Paleontology","sclDsc":"The turtle that laid the egg may have had a shell as long as a person is tall, roaming the Earth alongside the 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inside","wrdcnt":1354,"amplnk":"https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/science/article/fossilized-egg-from-prehistoric-giant-turtle-reveals-baby-inside","pbDt":"2021-08-17T23:02:00.178Z","dt":"2021-08-17T23:02:00.178Z"}]}],"cmsType":"ArticleBodyFrame"},{"id":"email-sticky-footer-frame1"},{"id":"paywall-meter-frame1"},{"id":"paywall-frame1"},{"id":"natgeo-web-template-readthisnext-frame","mods":[{"id":"natgeo-web-template-readthisnext-module","cmsType":"RecirculationGridModule","itemTruncate":{"description":4,"title":4},"contentList":[{"description":"In Somaliland and Kenya, efforts aim to protect cheetahs in the wild and stop smugglers from shipping them to the Arabian Peninsula to be sold as pets.","img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.4989293361884368,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114.jpg","crdt":"Photograph 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These daily patrols are the foundation of their efforts to police illegal activity here, including the smuggling of cheetah and other wildlife, as well as illegal fishing, human trafficking, and the smuggling of arms, gems and other contraband. Yemen is just 5-6 hours away by boat, and the primary destination for most illegal activity in this area. Resource-poor Somaliland is a hub for the cheetah trade, and experts estimate that hundreds of cubs are shipped by boat across the Gulf of Aden to Yemen, then driven overland to Gulf states, each year. But as awareness of this secretive trade grows, Somaliland is making efforts to end cheetah trafficking, handing down stiff jail sentences to traffickers, trying to grow awareness of the value of wildlife, and ramping up confiscations—not just of cheetahs but also of animals such as dik-diks and leopards. With just 7,100 cheetahs left in the wild, the world’s fastest land mammal is racing toward extinction, with the latest cheetah census suggesting that the big cats may decline by an additional 53 percent over the next 15 years.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"MM9296_201112_05114","ratio":"3x2"},"isFeatured":true,"sections":[{"name":"Animals","id":"fa010584-7bbf-3e92-90f9-586bb27fce94","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals"},{"name":"Wildlife Watch","id":"8de8cc4e-e0d1-3b72-8c7a-dac037e03cb4","type":"series","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/wildlife-watch"}],"headline":"Photos show why cheetahs are at risk—and how people are working to protect them","link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/see-efforts-to-save-cheetahs"},{"description":"The South Asian country’s boundaries tell the story of war, diplomacy, geopolitical rivalries, and foreign incursions.","img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003261578604044,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d233c628-ab5d-44d1-b547-1b4522a74398/OG_Afghanistan_timeline.jpg","dsc":"New","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Centuries-of-strife-Afghanistan-OG"},"sections":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}],"headline":"How centuries of strife shaped modern Afghanistan","link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-centuries-of-strife-shaped-modern-afghanistan"},{"description":"Foreign empires have fought over the South Asian country; reformers and Islamists battle to remake it.","img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.359228362877998,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/be2f2ba5-9bf9-4177-af07-6e20250c0544/P7P403.jpg","crdt":"Lithograph via Alamy","dsc":"In 1839, the British invaded Afghanistan and restored Shah Shufa to the throne as Emir of Afghanistan. He was assassinated in 1842. Britain tried to annex Afghanistan three times to block Russian expansion and protect its colonial interests in India.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"Interior of the palace of Shauh Shujah Ool Moolk"},"sections":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}],"headline":"Historic images show the centuries-long struggle for Afghanistan","link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/centuries-long-struggle-for-afghanistan"},{"description":"A new study finds 2020 wildfires may have caused more than 19,000 COVID-19 cases and 700 deaths.","img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940.jpg","altText":"a firefighter sits on the top of a fire truck with a huge plume of brown smoke rises over the mountains in the distance","crdt":"Photograph by Gina Ferazzi, Los Angeles Times/Getty Images","dsc":"CHERRY VALLEY, CA - AUGUST 1, 2020: A firefighter from Carpinteria monitors the huge plume from the out-of-control Apple fire along Bluff Street, north of Banning during the coronavirus pandemic on August 1, 2020 in Cherry Valley, California.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"wildfire-smoke-covid"},"sections":[{"name":"Environment","id":"623ce370-3e67-3fb2-b9a5-070ceb9b2de5","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment"}],"headline":"Wildfire smoke linked to higher COVID-19 death rates","link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/wildfire-smoke-linked-to-higher-covid-19-cases-death-rates"}],"headline":"Read This Next"}],"cmsType":"EnhancedFrame"},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-ad-frame1","mods":[{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-ad","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-ad-tile","cmsType":"AdTile","pos":"infinitefeed"}]}],"cmsType":"EnhancedFrame"},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1","fullWidth":true,"mods":[{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-headline","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-headline-tile","cmsType":"HeadlineTile","heading":"Go Further"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals","cmsType":"CarouselModule","centerHeading":true,"edgs":[{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile_98c22347-3031-4bd7-a3d7-67300238465b","description":"“For an instant, the divide between us and the cheetah slips away,” writes Nat Geo Explorer and photographer Nichole Sobecki.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/photographers-journey-save-injured-cheetah","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ef795f5-122c-4bde-b320-0df0ab73de4e/MM9296_210409_04831.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by Nichole Sobecki","dsc":"Veterinary surgeon Dr. Kivara Luke checks the pupils of the injured cheetah before drawing blood, which revealed that septicemia was likely and that the cheetah was fighting infection, at North Kenya Veterinary Services in Nanyuki, Kenya, on April 9, 2021. The cheetah arrived at the clinic with collapsed lateral recumbency, responsive only to extreme stimulus, severely dehydrated, and with multiple, necrotic puncture wounds that appeared to be 3-4 days old. Cheetahs are susceptible to injuries from fights with other cheetah and attacks by predators such as lions, leopards and hyena, particularly as wildlife is driven closer together by unprecedented habitat loss. In the last century cheetah have lost 91 percent of their historic habitat range. Across Samburu, Laikipia and Isiolo Action for Cheetah in Kenya estimate that there are about 250 cheetah, or around a quarter of Kenya’s population of between 1,000-1,400 cats (National Survey 2004-2007). The population is increasing fragmented as their natural habitats collide with expanding human communities, growing development and infrastructure, a decline in their prey base, and exacerbated by prolonged droughts.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"MM9296_210409_04831"},"abstract":"“For an instant, the divide between us and the cheetah slips away,” writes Nat Geo Explorer and photographer Nichole Sobecki.","title":"Photographing the sleepless effort to save a cheetah","tags":[{"name":"Animals","id":"fa010584-7bbf-3e92-90f9-586bb27fce94","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile_8b0de5cd-8ac2-43bf-9106-e193d690e1ee","description":"In Somaliland and Kenya, efforts aim to protect cheetahs in the wild and stop smugglers from shipping them to the Arabian Peninsula to be sold as pets.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/see-efforts-to-save-cheetahs","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.4989293361884368,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/94fafa51-a583-4cff-80cc-caca8fce6573/MM9296_201112_05114.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by Nichole Sobecki","dsc":"Somaliland coast guards push their patrol boat into the sea as dawn rises over the Gulf of Aden, in Lughaya, Somaliland, on November 12, 2020. These daily patrols are the foundation of their efforts to police illegal activity here, including the smuggling of cheetah and other wildlife, as well as illegal fishing, human trafficking, and the smuggling of arms, gems and other contraband. Yemen is just 5-6 hours away by boat, and the primary destination for most illegal activity in this area. Resource-poor Somaliland is a hub for the cheetah trade, and experts estimate that hundreds of cubs are shipped by boat across the Gulf of Aden to Yemen, then driven overland to Gulf states, each year. But as awareness of this secretive trade grows, Somaliland is making efforts to end cheetah trafficking, handing down stiff jail sentences to traffickers, trying to grow awareness of the value of wildlife, and ramping up confiscations—not just of cheetahs but also of animals such as dik-diks and leopards. With just 7,100 cheetahs left in the wild, the world’s fastest land mammal is racing toward extinction, with the latest cheetah census suggesting that the big cats may decline by an additional 53 percent over the next 15 years.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"MM9296_201112_05114"},"abstract":"In Somaliland and Kenya, efforts aim to protect cheetahs in the wild and stop smugglers from shipping them to the Arabian Peninsula to be sold as pets.","title":"Photos show why cheetahs are at risk—and how people are working to protect them","tags":[{"name":"Animals","id":"fa010584-7bbf-3e92-90f9-586bb27fce94","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals"},{"name":"Wildlife Watch","id":"8de8cc4e-e0d1-3b72-8c7a-dac037e03cb4","type":"series","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/wildlife-watch"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile_a77346cb-997d-4d05-b07f-224f44f5c091","description":"Cheetah cubs are smuggled from the Horn of Africa to the Arabian Peninsula as pets. Here are a few things any person can do to help.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/how-you-can-help-fight-the-illegal-cheetah-cub-trade","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/dec07963-887d-41a5-af7e-4de533013a45/MM9296_200817_07511.jpg","crdt":"Photograph by Nichole Sobecki","dsc":"Cheetah cubs siblings Frigga and Freya, rescued on July 24, 2020, are cared for at the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) Safehouse in Hargeisa, Somaliland, on August 17, 2020. Still young, they divide their time between this converted bedroom and an outdoor enclosure. Inside their room are several toys, including a cheetah stuffed animal, for them to play with. Resource-poor Somaliland is a hub for the cheetah trade, and experts estimate that hundreds of cubs are shipped by boat across the Gulf of Aden to Yemen, then driven overland to Gulf states, each year. But as awareness of this secretive trade grows, Somaliland is making efforts to end cheetah trafficking, handing down stiff jail sentences to traffickers, trying to grow awareness of the value of wildlife, and ramping up confiscations—not just of cheetahs but also of animals such as dik-diks and leopards. With just 7,100 cheetahs left in the wild, the world’s fastest land mammal is racing toward extinction, with the latest cheetah census suggesting that the big cats may decline by an additional 53 percent over the next 15 years.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"MM9296_200817_07511"},"abstract":"Cheetah cubs are smuggled from the Horn of Africa to the Arabian Peninsula as pets. Here are a few things any person can do to help.","title":"How you can help fight the illegal cheetah cub trade","tags":[{"name":"Animals","id":"fa010584-7bbf-3e92-90f9-586bb27fce94","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals"},{"name":"Wildlife Watch","id":"8de8cc4e-e0d1-3b72-8c7a-dac037e03cb4","type":"series","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/wildlife-watch"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile_69b1a787-83f3-4a1a-91ec-4ab88c166300","description":"Kooxo isku xidhan oo dambiilayaal ah oo Somaliland jooga ayaa harimacadka dhasha ah ka dhoofiya Africa oo u geeya dadka maalqabeenka ah ee wadamada kale jooga. imika ayaa wadankaa afrikaanka ah ee goonida u go’ay uu arintaa la dagaalamaya.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/sida-harimacadka-yar-yar-ee-dhasha-ah-looga-keeno-duurka-ee-ay-ku-soo-gaadhaan-instagramkaaga","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791.jpg","altText":"a baby cheetah in the back of a car, wearing a seat belt, with a hand reaching across the frame","crdt":"Photograph by Nichole Sobecki","dsc":"A seven-month-old cheetah in the back of an SUV hisses at a rescuer’s outstretched hand. Authorities intercepted the cub, later named Astur, before he could be sold to a smuggler. But every year scores—perhaps hundreds—of mostly very young cheetahs are trafficked out of Somaliland to Persian Gulf states to be sold as pets.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"MM9296_200815_00791"},"abstract":"Kooxo isku xidhan oo dambiilayaal ah oo Somaliland jooga ayaa harimacadka dhasha ah ka dhoofiya Africa oo u geeya dadka maalqabeenka ah ee wadamada kale jooga. imika ayaa wadankaa afrikaanka ah ee goonida u go’ay uu arintaa la dagaalamaya.","title":"Sida harimacadka yar yar ee dhasha ah looga keeno duurka ee ay ku soo gaadhaan instagaramkaaga","tags":[{"name":"Animals","id":"fa010584-7bbf-3e92-90f9-586bb27fce94","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals"},{"name":"Wildlife Watch","id":"8de8cc4e-e0d1-3b72-8c7a-dac037e03cb4","type":"series","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/wildlife-watch"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-animals-tile_f020b6c0-dcba-4eb1-9eba-f05d86b1d9ca","description":"Criminal networks in Somaliland smuggle cubs out of Africa to wealthy buyers abroad. Now the breakaway African state is fighting back.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/how-trafficked-cheetah-cubs-move-from-the-wild-and-into-your-instagram-feed","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ee13a16f-a501-4f16-94e8-6ac12c312c70/MM9296_200815_00791.jpg","altText":"a baby cheetah in the back of a car, wearing a seat belt, with a hand reaching across the frame","crdt":"Photograph by Nichole Sobecki","dsc":"A seven-month-old cheetah in the back of an SUV hisses at a rescuer’s outstretched hand. 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FALLON, AFP/GETTY IMAGES","ext":"jpg","ttl":"nl-enviro-GettyImages-1234075360.jpg"},"abstract":"On the Colorado River, a long-feared reckoning is at hand","title":"‘Megadrought’ hits water supply in western U.S.","tags":[{"name":"Environment","id":"623ce370-3e67-3fb2-b9a5-070ceb9b2de5","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-history-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-history-tile_1319c7c1-0f24-46fc-b064-15b5ed92436a","description":"A new study finds 2020 wildfires may have caused more than 19,000 COVID-19 cases and 700 deaths.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/wildfire-smoke-linked-to-higher-covid-19-cases-death-rates","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/890b6c89-9bb2-4866-987c-9607db7b001e/GettyImages-1227884940.jpg","altText":"a firefighter sits on the top of a fire truck with a huge plume of brown smoke rises over the mountains in the distance","crdt":"Photograph by Gina Ferazzi, Los Angeles Times/Getty Images","dsc":"CHERRY VALLEY, CA - AUGUST 1, 2020: A firefighter from Carpinteria monitors the huge plume from the out-of-control Apple fire along Bluff Street, north of Banning during the coronavirus pandemic on August 1, 2020 in Cherry Valley, California.","ext":"jpg","ttl":"wildfire-smoke-covid"},"abstract":"A new study finds 2020 wildfires may have caused more than 19,000 COVID-19 cases and 700 deaths.","title":"Wildfire smoke linked to higher COVID-19 death rates","tags":[{"name":"Environment","id":"623ce370-3e67-3fb2-b9a5-070ceb9b2de5","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment"}]},{"id":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-history-tile","cmsType":"RegularStandardPrismTile","cId":"natgeo-globalpromo-frame1-history-tile_16413008-85e0-43c3-b23f-22d5dd7cc2ca","description":"Some of the traditions we hold dear may have to be rethought to cope with a future full of fire, scientists say.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/does-smokey-bear-need-a-makeover-to-prevent-more-wildfires","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b4490bda-3035-47d1-b400-33f3ff76dea6/h_15313383.jpg","altText":"a wildland firefighter obscured by heat radiation and smoke monitoring a low lying controlled burn","crdt":"Photograph by Jason Houston, Redux","dsc":"A wildland firefighter monitoring the initial spread of a controlled burn on JE Canyon Ranch, Branson, CO. 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Science

Rare embryo from dinosaur age was laid by human-size turtle

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An illustration of the Cretaceous period turtle (Yuchelys nanyangensis) hatching from its tennis ball-size egg.  (Image credit: Masato Hattori)

About 90 million years ago, a giant turtle in what is now central China laid a clutch of tennis ball-size eggs with extremely thick eggshells. One egg never hatched, and it remained undisturbed for tens of millions of years, preserving the delicate bones of the embryonic turtle within it.

In 2018, a farmer discovered the egg and donated it to a university. Now, a new analysis of this egg and its rare embryo marks the first time that scientists have been able to identify the species of a dinosaur-age embryonic turtle.

This specimen also sheds light on why its species, the terrestrial turtle Yuchelys nanyangensis, went extinct 66 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, when the dinosaur-killing asteroid struck Earth. The thick eggshell allowed water to penetrate through, so clutches of eggs were likely buried in nests deep underground in moist soil to keep them from drying out in the arid environment of central China during the late Cretaceous, the researchers said.

While these turtles’ unique terrestrial lifestyle, thick eggs and underground nesting strategy may have served them well during the Cretaceous, it’s possible that these specialized turtles couldn’t adapt to the cooler “climatic and environmental changes following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction,” study co-researcher Darla Zelenitsky, an associate professor of paleobiology at the University of Calgary in Canada, told Live Science.

Related: Photos: These animals used to be giant 

Egg-cellent discovery

The farmer discovered the egg in Henan province, a region famous for the thousands of dinosaur eggs people have found there over the past 30 years, Zelenitsky said. But in comparison with dinosaur eggs, turtle eggs — especially those with preserved embryos — rarely fossilize because they’re so small and fragile, she said.

The Y. nanyangensis egg, however, persisted because it’s a tank of an egg.

At 2.1 by 2.3 inches (5.4 by 5.9 centimeters) in size, the nearly spherical egg is just a bit smaller than a tennis ball. That’s larger than the eggs of most living turtles, and just a tad smaller than the eggs of Galápagos tortoises, Zelenitsky said. 

Image 1 of 2

The fossil egg is 2.1 by 2.3 inches (5.4 by 5.9 centimeters) in size. (Image credit: Yuzheng Ke)
Image 2 of 2

A CT image of the embryonic bones hidden within the turtle’s egg. (Image credit: Ke et al 2021)

The eggshell’s 0.07 inch (1.8 millimeters) thickness is also remarkable. To put that in perspective, that’s four times thicker than a Galápagos tortoise eggshell, and six times thicker than a chicken eggshell, which has an average thickness of 0.01 inch (0.3 mm). Larger eggs tend to be thicker, like the 0.08-inch-thick (2 mm) ostrich eggshell, but “this egg is much smaller than an ostrich egg,” which average about 6 inches (15 cm) in length, Zelenitsky said.

An equation that uses egg size to predict the length of the carapace, or the top part of the turtle’s shell, revealed that this thick egg was likely laid by a turtle with a 5.3-foot-long (1.6 meters) carapace, the researchers found. That measurement doesn’t include the length of the neck or head, so the mother turtle was easily as long as some humans are tall.

Image 1 of 4

Other clutches from this turtle family had nests of 30 and 15 eggs. (Image credit: Masato Hattori)
Image 2 of 4

An illustration of the turtle as a hatchling. (Image credit: Masato Hattori)
Image 3 of 4

An illustration of what the turtle might have looked like after hatching. (Image credit: Masato Hattori)
Image 4 of 4

Different views of what the turtle hatchling might have looked like. (Image credit: Masato Hattori)

Doomed egg

The researchers used a micro-CT scan to create virtual 3D images of the egg and its embryo. By comparing these images with a distantly related living turtle species, it appears that the embryo was nearly 85% developed, the researchers found. 

Part of the eggshell is broken, Zelenitsky noted, so “maybe it tried to hatch,” but failed. Apparently, it wasn’t the only embryonic turtle that didn’t make it; two previously discovered thick-shelled egg clutches from Henan province that date to the Cretaceous — one with 30 eggs and another with 15 eggs — likely also belong to this turtle’s now-extinct family, known as Nanhsiungchelyid, the researchers said.

Image 1 of 2

The now-extinct nanhsiungchelyidae turtle family lived in North America and Asia. Here is a Nanhsiungchelyid turtle fossil that was found in Alberta, Canada. (Image credit: Royal Tyrrell Museum)
Image 2 of 2

The fossil carapace of a turtle from the nanhsiungchelyidae family that was found in China. (Image credit: Don Brinkman)

Turtles in this family — relatives of today’s river turtles — were very flat and evolved to live entirely on land, which was unique during that time, Zelenitsky said. 

The study of the newfound egg is special for its virtual 3D analysis of the embryo, which helped lead to its species diagnosis, said Walter Joyce, a professor of paleontology at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland, who was not involved in the study. Furthermore, this study offers evidence that Nanhsiungchelyid turtles were “adapted to living in harsh, terrestrial environments, but laid their large, thick-shelled eggs in covered nests in moist soil,” Joyce told Live Science in an email.

The study will be published online Wednesday (Aug. 18) in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

Originally published on Live Science.

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Science

Scientists Don’t Know Why All These Sea Creatures Are Swimming in Circles

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A green sea turtle hatchling swimming in a tank at the turtle conservancy section of Aquaria KLCC in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Photo: Tengku Bahar (Getty Images)

Marine researchers in Japan and elsewhere have discovered yet another enigma of the aquatic world. In a new paper out Thursday, they detail their finding that various species of large sea animals, from turtles to sharks to seals, swim in circles for no clear reason. This circling could have several purposes for the animals, such as aiding their navigation or foraging for food, the researchers say.

According to the researchers, recent advances in technology have allowed scientists to get a fuller picture of how animals in the ocean move through their environment with much better precision than before. Lead author Tomoko Narazaki, from the University of Tokyo, and her colleagues decided to put this tech to good use by looking at the movements of green sea turtles during their nesting season, when female turtles return to their birthplace to lay eggs.

They moved turtles from their nesting location to elsewhere, so that they could observe how they navigated back to the original spot. But once they did, they spotted a peculiar pattern: the turtles would often circle at a relatively constant speed at least twice around, then go back to their normal swimming as they ventured back home.

Curious, Narazaki told others in her field about the discovery. Eventually, he teamed up with some of these researchers to look back at movement data that had been collected earlier about a range of other marine animals across different branches of the evolutionary tree. And sure enough, they found the same sort of circling behavior pop up repeatedly. These circling animals included fish (tiger sharks), birds (king penguins), and mammals (Antarctic fur seals and Cuvier’s beaked whales).

Their work is published in iScience.

“All of the data used in our study was initially collected for different purposes (e.g., to study foraging behavior of sharks etc.). Data of each species was analyzed by different co-authors for different aspects,” Narazaki told Gizmodo in an email. “So, it took a while for us to realize that this circling is a common behavior across many species—until we collaborated.”

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An illustration of how different marine animals circle, based on the study’s findings
Illustration: Narazaki, et al/iScience

On the surface, circling is hardly practical for these animals’ survival, since the most energy-efficient way to travel anywhere in the ocean is usually a straight line. So that probably means it has one or more important functions that are worth the extra effort. Right now, though, all the team has are some educated guesses as to what’s going on, which may vary between different species.

The sharks, for instance, seem to circle most often around where they get food, indicating that it provides some advantage in hunting. Meanwhile, other research has shown that some species of whales will use circling in groups as a way to create “bubble nets” to catch their small fish prey. But feeding likely isn’t the only purpose for circling.

In at least one male tiger shark, the team found evidence that circling was part of its courtship ritual in front of a female. Seals and penguins seem to circle most often near the water’s surface or outside of their typical foraging hours, both of which indicate it isn’t part of their feeding technique. The team also cited earlier research that found northern elephant seals will circle during their drift dives—lazy, passive dives that help them rest or process their last meal.

In the turtles, the circling may help them reorient their navigation skills, which rely on smell, sight, and sensing magnetic fields. The turtles would frequently circle just before the last stretch of their journey, and for a while, too. One turtle was observed to circle a whopping 76 times before moving on.

“Given that similar circling behavior was observed across a wide variety of marine megafauna taxa, it might be possible that it is a behavioral convergence having similar purposes,” Narazaki said. “But, for now, the purpose and the function of this behavior remain unknown.”

Of course, we know that lots of animals on land circle for various reasons (just ask your nearest dog before he poops). But the obscurity of the vast ocean means there are probably all sorts of behaviors commonplace among these animals that we simply haven’t gotten to see yet. By studying the how and why of marine circling more closely, the researchers hope to illuminate this almost alien world a bit more.

“For the next step, we would like to examine animal movements in relation to animals’ internal state and environmental conditions to examine why they circle,” Narazaki said. “Some hypothesis-testing experiments would be necessary to understand the function and mechanism underlying circling movements.”

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