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Hades 2 Announced By Supergiant Games At The Game Awards

Supergiant’s next game, Hades 2, a sequel to the hit Hades game, was revealed at The Game Awards. Hades 2 will be set in the same universe with what looks like some new faces from the Greek pantheon and similar roguelike gameplay. The game is currently in development.

Unlike the first Hades game, Hades 2 features a female protagonist, Melinoë, who is Zagreus’ sister and is called the Princess of the Underworld. The trailer opens with her training with a masked mentor, and it’s revealed that their joint objective is to kill Chronos.

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Now Playing: Hades II – Reveal Trailer

New character Moros (Doom Incarnate) comments that this is an opportunity for the protagonist to “make a better future for us all.” Other new faces like Nemesis and Apollo make short appearances in the trailer. A few of the characters also refer to the protagonist as a witch–giving more hints as to what her arsenal of weapons may look like.

Chronos is the god of time, and appears to be the primary antagonist. Hades’ voice narrates, “He is no mere Titan. He is time itself, and time cannot be stopped.” Melinoë ends the teaser by saying, “Wait for me, father. We’ll be there soon.”

Hades 2 is available to wishlist on Steam and the Epic Store. It’s so far only confirmed for PC but is planned for consoles as well. Supergiant says it will share more information about availability on other platforms at a later date. According to the Steam page, Supergiant game plans to develop Hades 2 in a similar way to Hades and incorporate player feedback. That means Hades 2 should enter Early Access at some point in the future.

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GameSpot may get a share of the revenue if you buy anything featured on our site.

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Red supergiant Betelgeuse was actually yellow 2,000 years ago

Using historical depictions and descriptions of Betelgeuse throughout the ages, scientists have been able to pinpoint roughly when the supergiant star got its red coloration.

The team found that the star, located in the Orion constellation in the Milky Way around 640 light-years from Earth, changed from a yellow-orange color to red approximately 2,000 years ago. Betelgeuse is a red giant star, a stage that stellar bodies go through when they finish burning hydrogen in their cores, resulting in the core collapsing and the outer layers of the star puffing out.

When our sun goes through this stage of its evolution in around 5 billion years it will swell out to a radius reaching around the orbit of Mars and consume the inner rocky worlds of the solar system, including Earth.

Related: Betelgeuse is bouncing back from bizarre dimming episode

Astronomers have long been aware that stars shift in color during their lifetimes as nuclear fusion uses up hydrogen in their cores. These color swaps are accompanied by changes in brightness and size and can give vital information about the age of the star and its mass. 

Stars more massive than the sun like Betelgeuse, which has 11 times the mass of our sun but is at least 764 times its size, tend to be blue-white or red. But, as they change from hot young blue stars to cooler and older red giants, they pass through a short yellow-orange phase.

By studying historical documents, the researchers found that Betelgeuse went through this phase two millennia ago. The findings could help researchers better understand the life cycles of stars.

One of the sources used by the team was Chinese court astronomer Sima Qian who wrote about star colors in 100 BCE commenting “white is like Sirius, red like Antares, yellow like Betelgeuse, blue like Bellatrix.”

“From these specifications, one can conclude that Betelgeuse at that time was in color between the blue-white Sirius and Bellatrix and the red Antares,” University of Jena astrophysicist Ralph Neuhäuser, who is on the team behind the discovery, said in a statement (opens in new tab)

Moving forward 100 years in history Hyginus, a Roman scholar, wrote that Betelgeuse was similar in color to Saturn, suggesting that at that time the stars had a yellow-orange hue.

The 14th-century astronomer Ptolemy compared Betelgeuse to other stars, distinguishing it from red-colored bright stars like Antares  —  a red supergiant around 700 times the size of the sun whose very name in Greek means ‘like Mars’  — or Aldebaran. 

An image of the astronomer Ptolemy who distinguished Betelgeuse from other red stars. (Image credit: Public domain)

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“From a statement by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, one can conclude that, in the 16th century, Betelgeuse was more red than Aldebaran,” Neuhäuser added. 

In the modern day, astronomers see Betelgeuse as being similar in brightness and color to Antares — found in the constellation of Taurus and located around 604 light-years from Earth.

The process used by Neuhäuser and his team is described as ‘terra-astronomy;’ mixing astrophysical research with works studied by researchers in fields as diverse as languages, history, and natural philosophy.

“The view back in time delivers strong impulses and important results,” Neuhäuser adds. “There are quite a number of astrophysical problems which can hardly be solved without historical observations.”

Color shifts aren’t the only changes that Betelgeuse has been through recently that have caught the attention of astronomers.

In 2019 and 2020 the star underwent what astronomers labeled the ‘great dimming,’ dropping in brightness at an unprecedented rate and falling to around 35 percent of its typical brightness. The dimming began in December of 2019, and Betelgeuse recovered its brightness over the following next few months.

This mysterious reduction in the brightness of the red star was met with a flurry of suggested explanations, with some astronomers even suggesting it could be the result of the star contracting before going supernova.

Scientists were finally able to solve the mystery of the great dimming using data collected by the Japanese weather satellite Himawari-8. Infrared and optical observations by the satellite revealed that the dimming had been caused by a combination of the star cooling and a cloud of dust condensing around it.

With this puzzle solved, Betelgeuse is now once again expected to go supernova in around 1.5 million years, something Neuhäuser says this historical investigation has helped confirm.

“The very fact that it changed in color within two millennia from yellow-orange to red tells us, together with theoretical calculations, that it has 14 times the mass of our Sun  —  and the mass is the main parameter defining the evolution of stars,” Neuhäuser concluded. “Betelgeuse is now 14 million years old and in its late evolutionary phases. 

“In about 1.5 million years, it will finally explode as [a] supernova.”

The team’s research is published in the latest edition of the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. (opens in new tab) 

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Nasa reveals images of massive never before seen eruption of Supergiant Betelgeuse

The red supergiant Betelgeuse, a colossal star in the Orion constellation, experienced a massive stellar eruption – the likes of which have never been seen before, according to astronomers.

Betelgeuse first drew attention in late 2019 when the star, which glitters like a red gem in the upper-right shoulder of Orion, experienced an unexpected darkening. The supergiant continued to grow dim in 2020.

Some scientists speculated that the star would explode as a supernova, and they’ve been trying to determine what happened to it ever since.

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Now, astronomers have analysed data from the Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories, and they believe the star experienced a titanic surface mass ejection, losing a substantial part of its visible surface.

“We’ve never before seen a huge mass ejection of the surface of a star. We are left with something going on that we don’t completely understand,” said Andrea Dupree, an astrophysicist at the Centre for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a statement.

“It’s a totally new phenomenon that we can observe directly and resolve surface details with Hubble. We’re watching stellar evolution in real time.”

The supergiant Betelgeuse star Credit: NASA, ESA, Elizabeth Wheatley (S

Our sun regularly experiences coronal mass ejections in which the star releases parts of its outer atmosphere, known as the corona. If this space weather hits Earth, it can have an impact on satellite-based communications and power grids.

But the surface mass ejection Betelgeuse experienced released more than 400 billion times as much mass as a typical coronal mass ejection from the sun.

The lifetime of a star

Observing Betelgeuse and its unusual behaviour has allowed astronomers to watch what happens late in the lifetime of a star.

As Betelgeuse burns through fuel in its core, it has swollen to massive proportions, becoming a red supergiant. The massive star is 1 billion miles (1.6 billion kilometres) in diameter.

Ultimately, the star will explode in a supernova, an event that could be briefly visible during the daytime on Earth. Meanwhile, the star is experiencing some fiery temper tantrums.

The amount of mass that stars lose late in their lives as they burn through nuclear fusion can affect their survival, but even losing a significant amount of its surface mass isn’t a sign that Betelgeuse is ready to blow, according to astronomers.

Astronomers such as Dupree have studied how the star behaved before, during and after the eruption in an effort to understand what happened.

Scientists believe that a convective plume, stretching more than 1 million miles (1.6 million kilometres) across, originated from inside the star.

The plume created shocks and pulsations that triggered an eruption, peeling off a chunk of the star’s outer shell called the photosphere.

The piece of Betelgeuse’s photosphere, which weighed several times as much as the moon, was released into space. As the mass cooled, it formed a large dust cloud that blocked the star’s light when viewed through telescopes on Earth.

Betelgeuse is one of the brightest stars in Earth’s night sky, so its dimming – which lasted for a few months – was noticeable through observatories and backyard telescopes alike.

Recovering from the blast

Astronomers have measured Betelgeuse’s rhythm for 200 years. This star’s pulse is essentially a dimming and brightening cycle that restarts every 400 days. That pulse has ceased for now – a testament to how consequential the eruption was.

Dupree believes that the star’s interior convection cells that drive the pulsation are still reverberating from the blast and compared it to the sloshing of an unbalanced washing machine tub.

Telescope data has shown that the star’s outer layer has returned to normal as Betelgeuse slowly recovers, but its surface remains springy while the photosphere rebuilds.

“Betelgeuse continues doing some very unusual things right now,” Dupree said. “The interior is sort of bouncing.”

Astronomers have never seen a star lose so much of its visible surface before, suggesting that surface mass ejections and coronal mass ejections could be two very different things.

Researchers will have more follow-up chances to observe the mass ejected from the star by using the James Webb Space Telescope, which could reveal additional clues through otherwise-invisible infrared light.

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Watching the Violent Death of a Rare, Extreme Supergiant Star

Artist’s impression of the red hypergiant star VY Canis Majoris. Located about 3,009 light-years from Earth, VY Canis Majoris is possibly the most massive star in the Milky Way. Credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / R. Humphreys, University of Minnesota / J. Olmsted, STScI / hubblesite.org

By tracing molecular emissions in the outflows around the red hypergiant star VY Canis Majoris, astronomers have obtained the first detailed map of the star’s envelope, which sheds light on the mechanisms involved in the final stages of extreme supergiant star.

A University of Arizona-led team of astronomers has created a detailed, three-dimensional image of a dying hypergiant star. The team, led by UArizona researchers Ambesh Singh and Lucy Ziurys, traced the distribution, directions, and velocities of a variety of molecules surrounding a red hypergiant star known as VY Canis Majoris.

Their findings, which they presented on June 13, 2022, at the 240th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Pasadena, California, offer insights, at an unprecedented scale, into the processes that accompany the death of giant stars. The work was done with collaborators Robert Humphreys from the University of Minnesota and Anita Richards from the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom.

Extreme supergiant stars known as hypergiants are very rare, with only a few known to exist in the

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Astronomers Unexpectedly Capture ‘Great Dimming’ of Supergiant Star Betelgeuse

Just a few months before the COVID-19 pandemic really kicked off in early 2020, the world was fixated on a distant supergiant star, 700 light-years away known as Betelgeuse. The monstrous furnace suddenly dimmed, becoming 10 times darker than usual. Some suggested it heralded an explosion, but rumors of the star’s demise were greatly exaggerated. It brightened up just a few months later.

Several teams took to trying to explain what had caused this “Great Dimming” with one team analyzing hundreds of images of the star to reveal stardust was likely obscuring our view from Earth. In June 2021, they showed that Betelgeuse had likely belched out gas, which then cooled and condensed and darkened the star. Another group suggested the star was also cooling just a little and this variability also may have resulted in a decrease in brightness. At the very least, it contributed to the formation of the dust cloud.

Mystery solved? Perhaps, but there’s one more unexpected find from the Great Dimming.

In a new study, published in the journal Nature on Monday, a trio of astronomers detail their own surprising discovery: They were able to spot Betelgeuse lurking in the background of images taken by a Japanese weather satellite, Himawari-8. The serendipitous find helps confirm some of the earlier work uncovering the origins of the Great Dimming and points to a new way to explore our cosmic neighborhood we haven’t explored. 

Himawari-8 is, as the name suggests, the eighth version of the Himawari satellite operated by Japan’s Meteorological Agency. It operates in geostationary orbit, at a distance of 22,236 miles above the equator. This is more than 90 times further away than the International Space Station.

From that position, the satellite snaps optical and infrared images of the whole Earth once every 10 minutes, predominantly to help forecast the weather across Asia and the Western Pacific. For instance, it snapped a ton of images of the Tongan volcano eruption that occurred on Jan. 15. However, looking through images stretching back to 2017, the trio of Japanese researchers went looking for a pinprick of light that would be Betelgeuse, lurking in space behind our brilliant blue and green marble. They found it.

Studying that pinprick of light, the researchers came to the same conclusion as their predecessors: Betelgeuse dimmed because of both dust and some natural variability in its light. That’s not all that exciting, but it’s good confirmation we’re all on the right track, and it’s exactly what the process of science is all about.

What is intriguing is the fact a weather satellite was able to provide this data in the first place.

It could be a big deal for astronomers. Building and launching new space telescopes isn’t a cheap or easy endeavor and you have to book yourself a rocket. But… there are already satellites orbiting the Earth that might be able to do a similar job. 

“Himawari is like a free space telescope!” said Simon Campbell, an astronomer at Monash University in Australia. 

Weather satellites like Himawari-8, for instance, are constantly imaging the Earth and the space around our planet, providing mountains of data to sift through. This is important because astronomers usually have to make a case for time on telescopes, carving out blocks for their projects that allow them to control where the telescope is focused. 

For instance, when Betelgeuse mysteriously dimmed, some of the most powerful telescopes on the ground were already booked to look elsewhere. One, the Very Large Telescope in Chile, gave a team the chance to use its telescope for observations, knocking other projects back. But these cases aren’t always ticked off.

So, Campbell noted, there’s a neat story here about observing space. You could look at Earth imaging satellites in orbit and repurpose them to study background stars. Another advantage of this is they can observe over 24 hours and may be able to see in additional wavelengths of light like infrared, which is blocked by Earth’s atmosphere. 

Ultimately, the next time a star threatens to go supernova on us, we might already be watching. 

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Astronomers witness red supergiant star’s death for the first time

Astronomers have captured the death of a red supergiant star for the first time. 

The real-time discovery was published Jan. 6 in Astrophysical Journal and led by researchers at Northwestern University and the University of California, Berkeley. 

According to a press release from Northwestern, the team observed the red supergiant during the last 130 days before it collapsed into a Type II supernova. 

Previous observations showed that red supergiants were relatively inactive before their deaths, without any evidence of violent eruptions or luminous emissions. 

These researchers, however, detected bright radiation from a red supergiant in the final year before exploding. 

“This is a breakthrough in our understanding of what massive stars do moments before they die,” Wynn Jacobson-Galán, the study’s lead author, said in a statement. “Direct detection of pre-supernova activity in a red supergiant star has never been observed before in an ordinary type II supernova. For the first time, we watched a red supergiant star explode.”

The work – which was conducted at Northwestern before Jacobson-Galán moved to UC Berkeley – suggests that at least some stars must undergo significant changes in their internal structure, leading to the ejection of gas ahead of their collapse.

The star was first detected in summer 2020 by the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for Astronomy Pan-STARRS and the group captured its flash a few months later. 

The spectrum of supernova 2020tlf was taken using the W.M. Keck Observatory’s Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer. 

The data revealed evidence of dense circumstellar material around the star at the time of the explosion. 

Further monitoring post-explosion and additional data from Keck Observatory’s Deep Imaging and Multi-Object Spectrograph and Near Infrared Echellette Spectrograph helped researchers to determine SN 2020tlf’s progenitor red supergiant star was 10 times more massive than the sun.

“I am most excited by all of the new ‘unknowns’ that have been unlocked by this discovery,” Jacobson-Galán said. “Detecting more events like SN 2020tlf will dramatically impact how we define the final months of stellar evolution, uniting observers and theorists in the quest to solve the mystery on how massive stars spend the final moments of their lives.”

The study was supported by NASA, the National Science Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Villum Fonden.



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Scientists observe a red supergiant going supernova for the first time

Despite the massive number of stars in the sky, spotting one in the throes of a supernova is still an incredibly rare event. Now, astronomers have captured a red supergiant before, during and after a supernova explosion for the first time, gathering crucial new information about these dramatic events.

“This is a breakthrough in our understanding of what massive stars do moments before they die,” said lead author Wynn Jacobson-Galán (UC Berkeley). “Direct detection of pre-supernova activity in a red supergiant star has never been observed before in an ordinary Type II supernova. For the first time, we watched a red supergiant star explode!”

Using the Pan-STARRS telescope in Maui, Hawai’i, scientists detected the doomed red supergiant star in the summer of 2020 thanks to the huge amount of light it was emitting. Later in the fall when it went supernova, the team captured the powerful flash using the Hawai’i-based Keck Observatory’s Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS). They also captured the very first spectrum of the supernova, known as SN 2020tlf.

The observations showed that the star likely ejected massive amounts of dense circumstellar material just ahead of the explosion. Previous observations showed that red giants were relatively calm before going supernova, so the new data suggests that some may change their internal structure significantly before exploding. That could then result in tumultuous gas ejections moments before collapse. 

SN 2020tlf is located in the NGC 5731 galaxy about 120 million light-years from Earth and was about 10 times more massive than the Sun. Stars go supernova when they run out of fuel and collapse on their own gravity, fueling a massive carbon fusion explosion. For that to happen, they must be large enough (8 to 15 solar masses) or they’ll simply collapse into white dwarf star like our Sun eventually will. Any larger than that and they could collapse into a black hole. 

The discovery will now allow scientists to survey red supergiant stars looking for similar types of luminous radiation that could signal another supernova. “Detecting more events like SN 2020tlf will dramatically impact how we define the final months of stellar evolution… in the quest to solve the mystery on how massive stars spend the final moments of their lives,” said Jacobson-Galán.

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For The First Time, We’ve Seen a Red Giant Star Transition Into a Supernova

We’re seeing many spectacular sights out in space as our telescopes become more powerful, but there’s a new contender for the most exciting one yet: According to researchers, we’ve observed a red supergiant star exploding into a supernova for the first time.

 

Supernova (SN) 2020tlf, to give it its technical name, was watched for 130 days leading up to the gigantic blast, the result of the demise of a star some 120 million light-years away from Earth in the NGC 5731 galaxy and about 10 times more massive than our own Sun.

The team says that this unprecedented look at one of the most fascinating and large-scale events in the Universe shows that there isn’t always a ‘calm before the storm’ in terms of supernova blasts – something that challenges previous assumptions.

“This is a breakthrough in our understanding of what massive stars do moments before they die,” says Wynn Jacobson-Galán, an astronomer from the University of California, Berkeley, and the study’s lead author.

“Direct detection of pre-supernova activity in a red supergiant star has never been observed before in an ordinary Type II supernova. For the first time, we watched a red supergiant star explode!”

Supernovas happen when massive stars die, or run out of fuel and collapse in on themselves, no longer to keep the forces of gravity and nuclear reactions in balance. A giant, super-bright explosion follows the collapse, sending shock waves through space, and usually leaving a dense core surrounded by a cloud of gas called a nebula.

This dramatic process has never been seen in real time before, though. Two telescopes were involved in making the observations, both on Hawaii: the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy Pan-STARRS on Haleakalā, Maui, and the WM Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii Island.

The collected data is already providing new insights. There was direct evidence of dense circumstellar material surrounding the star when it exploded, for example, which the researchers think was the same gas they had spotted being ejected from the red supergiant several months before.

 

“It’s like watching a ticking time bomb,” says astrophysicist Raffaella Margutti, also from UC Berkeley. “We’ve never confirmed such violent activity in a dying red supergiant star where we see it produce such a luminous emission, then collapse and combust, until now.”

Based on the observations, it seems as though at least some red supergiants undergo significant internal changes before transforming into supernovas – possibly instabilities linked to the final stages of nuclear fuel burning –  creating the violent eruptions and luminosity observed in this case.

The high level of radiated light alerted astronomers to this particular star in the first place. The supernova was monitored after the explosion, too, for another 300 days, giving astronomers even more data to work with.

The observations were made as part of the Young Supernova Experiment, an ongoing project attempting to find stellar explosions in the night sky in their very earliest stages. With the new information now available to them, it should be easier to spot supernova events before they happen.

“I am most excited by all of the new unknowns that have been unlocked by this discovery,” says Jacobson-Galán. “Detecting more events like SN 2020tlf will dramatically impact how we define the final months of stellar evolution, uniting observers and theorists in the quest to solve the mystery on how massive stars spend the final moments of their lives.”

The research has been published in the Astrophysical Journal.

 

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Astronomers See Real-Time Destruction of Red Supergiant Star

When very large stars run out of fuel and reach the end of their lives, they can explode in massive, dramatic events called supernovas. These explosions throw off enormous amounts of light and energy, but there’s much we still don’t know about how this process happens. Now, astronomers have observed a red supergiant star going supernova for the first time, catching a glimpse of the massive star’s final moments of life.

“This is a breakthrough in our understanding of what massive stars do moments before they die,” said Wynn Jacobson-Galán, lead author of the study, in a statement. “Direct detection of pre-supernova activity in a red supergiant star has never been observed before in an ordinary Type II supernova. For the first time, we watched a red supergiant star explode!”

An artist’s impression of a red supergiant star in the final year of its life emitting a tumultuous cloud of gas. This suggests at least some of these stars undergo significant internal changes before going supernova. W. M. Keck Observatory/Adam Makarenko

The team observed the supernova SN 2020tlf using two telescopes in Hawai’i, Pan-STARRS, and the W. M. Keck Observatory. They were able to spot the red supergiant before the supernova occurred as it was giving off significant amounts of light as well as ejecting large amounts of gas. They observed the star for 120 days before it went supernova in fall 2020, and they saw a dense cloud of gas surrounding the star when it exploded.

“Keck was instrumental in providing direct evidence of a massive star transitioning into a supernova explosion,” said senior author Raffaella Margutti, an associate professor of astronomy at UC Berkeley. “It’s like watching a ticking time bomb. We’ve never confirmed such violent activity in a dying red supergiant star where we see it produce such a luminous emission, then collapse and combust, until now.”

The star which exploded was particularly large, at 10 times the mass of the sun, and was located 120 million light-years away in the galaxy NGC 5731. It is of particular interest to researchers as it was so active before exploding, while previously observed red supergiants have been relatively calm before going supernova.

“I am most excited by all of the new ‘unknowns’ that have been unlocked by this discovery,” said Jacobson-Galán. “Detecting more events like SN 2020tlf will dramatically impact how we define the final months of stellar evolution, uniting observers and theorists in the quest to solve the mystery of how massive stars spend the final moments of their lives.”

The results are published in The Astrophysical Journal.

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Death throes of red supergiant star caught on film for the first time

A group of scientists announced Thursday that they captured the explosive end to a red supergiant star’s life for the first time, documenting its death throes as it collapsed into a type II supernova. Scientists from Northwestern University and the University of California, Berkeley, who released a study on the star’s death, called the findings a “breakthrough” in their understanding of how the massive stars die. 

The observed red supergiant, SN 2020tlf, was first detected by the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for AstronomyPan-STARRS on Maui in the summer of 2020 due to the amount of light radiating from the red supergiant, according to a press release summarizing the study’s findings. The team studied SN 2020tlf during the last 130 days of its life.

Previously, scientists believed red supergiants died quietly, fading for some time before they became supernovas — but the team said it found bright radiation from the observed red supergiant in the year before its death. That radiation suggests that there were significant changes in its internal structure that caused a violent ejection of gas just before its collapse, the release said. 

“This is a breakthrough in our understanding of what massive stars do moments before they die,” Wynn Jacobson-Galán, the study’s lead author, said in the release. 

A rendering of a red supergiant star transitioning into a Type II supernova provided by Northwestern University.

Northwestern University


“It’s like watching a ticking time bomb,” said Raffaella Margutti, an adjunct associate professor at CIERA and the paper’s senior author, said in the release. “We’ve never confirmed such violent activity in a dying red supergiant star where we see it produce such a luminous emission, then collapse and combust, until now.” 

The star — now supernova — is located in the NGC 5731 galaxy about 120 million light-years away from Earth, and was 10 times more massive than the sun, the release said.

“I am most excited by all of the new ‘unknowns’ that have been unlocked by this discovery,” Jacobson-Galán said. 

“Detecting more events like SN 2020tlf will dramatically impact how we define the final months of stellar evolution,” he added, noting that it would let scientists continue “in the quest to solve the mystery on how massive stars spend the final moments of their lives.”

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