Tag Archives: sex

Stormy Daniels to Michael Cohen: Fox News movie brought back memory of sex with Trump | US news

Stormy Daniels has said she could not remember key details of the sexual liaison she claims to have had with Donald Trump, until seeing a film about Roger Ailes’ sexual harassment of women at Fox News prompted her to remember.

“I went to see that movie Bombshell,” she said, “and suddenly it just came back.”

Daniels, an adult film star and director whose birth name is Stephanie Clifford, was speaking to Michael Cohen on the former Trump lawyer’s podcast, Mea Culpa, made by Audio Up Media. Excerpts were shared with the Guardian.

Daniels also described Trump “doing his best yet horrifyingly disturbing impression of Burt Reynolds”, on a bed, clad only in his underwear.

Daniels claims to have had sex with Trump in Nevada in 2006. He denies it, but a $130,000 hush money payment to Daniels reimbursed by Trump contributed to Cohen’s downfall in 2018.

Trump’s longtime fixer was jailed for tax fraud, lying to Congress and violations of campaign finance law. He cooperated with investigators and published a book, Disloyal, while completing a three-year sentence.

The payment to Daniels, and Cohen’s role in a payment to another woman, Playboy model Karen McDougal, during the 2016 election, are at the centre of ongoing investigations. Stripped of the protections of office, Trump is vulnerable to prosecution.

Daniels’ appearance on Cohen’s podcast marks a rapprochement between the two. After Cohen orchestrated Trump’s attempts to keep Daniels quiet, Daniels had harsh words for Cohen in her own book, Full Disclosure.

Daniels called Cohen a “dim bulb” and “a complete fucking moron”. She also detailed what she claims was a threat to her safety and that of her daughter, allegedly from Trump. In 2018, she said: “It never occurred to any of these men that I would someday have a voice.”

Cohen is now a vocal critic of his old boss. Daniels has remained a thorn in Trump’s side. She and Cohen appear to have realised their enemy’s enemy is their friend.

“Both of our stories will be forever linked with Donald Trump, but also with one another,” Cohen said. “Thanks for giving me a second chance.”

The details of Daniels’ alleged liaison with Trump at a charity golf event in Lake Tahoe in 2006 are well known, not least thanks to her book, which the Guardian first reported.

“I couldn’t remember,” she told Cohen, “how I got from standing in that bathroom doorway to underneath him on the bed, like I couldn’t remember how my dress came off or how my shoes got off, because I know I took my shoes off because I clearly remember putting them back on and they were buckled, like they’re really gold strappy heels that were not easy to, you know, come off.

“And I just, there’s like 60 seconds where I just had no recollection of it and it’s not in the book, and nobody really wanted to ask about it. They just wanted to know the details of what his appendage, or lack of appendage, looked like. And I was like, it really bothered me for like years, like, I definitely wasn’t drinking so I’m like why don’t I remember this.

“And I’ll never forget this moment. I went to see that movie Bombshell, and suddenly it just came back.”

Bombshell was directed by Jay Roach, starred Nicole Kidman, Charlize Theron and Margot Robbie and was released in 2019. It told the story of the downfall of Roger Ailes, chief executive of Fox News and a key Trump ally, over sexual harassment.

Trump denies accusations of sexual harassment and assault by multiple women. Shortly before the 2016 election, Fox News killed a story about Trump and Daniels. Ailes resigned in July that year and died the following May.

Daniels’ own case against Trump for defamation is heading for the supreme court. She told Cohen: “I’ve already lost everything, so I’m taking it all the way.”

Of Lake Tahoe in 2006, Daniels also told Cohen she now remembered thinking, ‘Oh fuck, how do I get myself in this situation. And I remember even thinking I could definitely fight his fat ass, I can definitely outrun him. There’s a bodyguard at the door. But I wasn’t threatened, I was not physically threatened.

“And then so I tried to sidestep … I was like, trying to remember really quickly, where did I leave my purse, like I gotta get out of here. And I went to sidestep and he stood up off the bed and was like ‘This is your chance.’ And I was like, ‘What?’ and he was like, ‘You need to show me how bad you want it or do you just want to go back to the trailer park.’”

Daniels has said Trump told her he would get her a slot on The Apprentice, the reality TV show for which he was then most famous. At the time of the alleged encounter, Trump’s third wife, Melania Trump, had recently given birth to their son, Barron.

Daniels told Cohen she went to the bathroom, then “was genuinely like startled to see him waiting” when she came out.

“I just froze,” she said, “and I didn’t know what to say. He had stripped down to his underwear and was perched on the bed doing his best yet horrifyingly disturbing impression of Burt Reynolds.”

She “didn’t say anything for years”, she said, “because I didn’t remember.” Now the star of a ghost-hunting reality TV show, Spooky Babes, she added: “I’ve been face to face with evil in the most intimate way. Demons don’t scare me anymore.”

Daniels has described what she says happened next. Speaking to CBS 60 Minutes in 2018, she said: “And I was like, ‘Ugh, here we go.’ And I just felt like maybe it was sort of … I had it coming for making a bad decision for going to someone’s room alone.”

The interviewer, Anderson Cooper, said: “And you had sex with him.”

“Yes,” Daniels said.

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Cheerleaders In Netflix Show Face Sex Misconduct Claims

Robert Joseph Scianna Jr., 25, and Mitchell Ryan, 23, two cheerleaders who appeared in the Netflix docuseries Cheer, have separately been charged with alleged offenses relating to sexual misconduct with minors this week.

Ryan, a member of the Navarro College cheer team that was the focus of the Netflix series, was arrested in Texas on Wednesday. He was charged with aggravated sexual assault against a minor over an incident that allegedly took place in July 2020, the Dallas County Sheriff’s Office told BuzzFeed News.

His lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal did respond to BuzzFeed News’ request for comment, but Rosenthal told USA Today, “This has been a nightmare for Mitch and his family. We look forward to Dallas County hearing the truth and this case being over.”

Ryan posted bond on Friday morning and was released, the sheriff’s office said.

Scianna, whose website says he is an NCA Champion and a two-time World Champion, was also arrested on Wednesday by Chesterfield County Police in Virginia, USA Today reported.

He has been charged with indecent liberties with a minor and using a communication system to solicit sex, a spokesperson for the Chesterfield County Jail confirmed to BuzzFeed News.

Police said he allegedly arranged to meet a juvenile whom he met through a social media platform for sex, USA Today reported.

Scianna did not respond to a request for comment.

The United States All Star Federation (USASF), a network of youth athletes in cheerleading, said in a statement Friday that they are “outraged by the reports of sexual misconduct.”

The organization said it did not know about the allegations of sexual misconduct against Scianna prior to his arrest.

However, the USASF had been aware of the allegations against Ryan after receiving a complaint in late October, it said, and “immediately ensured that it had been reported to law enforcement and later began an investigation of our own, which was ongoing when he was arrested.”

The organization told BuzzFeed News that Scianna and Ryan have been placed on the “Unified Ineligibility List.”

The charges against the two cheerleaders involved in the Netflix docuseries comes after Jerry Harris, a star of the show, was charged additional child pornography charges in December.

Harris had been arrested in September on suspicion of producing child pornography, and prosecutors later claimed in a pretrial detention hearing that he could have allegedly victimized at least 10 boys.

In a statement to ABC News at the time of his arrest, a spokesperson for Harris said they “categorically dispute” the allegations against him. However, the initial criminal complaint filed against him stated that he admitted to investigators that he had sex with a minor at a cheer competition in 2019.

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Netflix Docuseries ‘Cheer’ Has Two More Sex Misconduct Arrests – Deadline

The troubled Netflix docuseries Cheer this week saw two more of its subjects arrested in separate criminal cases related to alleged sex misconduct involving minors.

Already reeling from similar allegations against series star Jerry Harris, the show saw Robert Joseph Scianna Jr., a 25-year-old coach and choreographer, and Mitchell Ryan, a member of the Navarro College cheer team, arrested.

Scianna Jr. was arrested Wednesday in Virginia and charged with felony counts of taking indecent liberties with a child and using an electronic communication device to solicit sex. The Chesterfield County Police Department claimed he arranged to meet a juvenile with whom he connected on social media for sex.

Ryan was also arrested Wednesday in Texas. Ryan, 23, was charged with felony aggravated sexual assault of a child relating to an unspecified incident that allegedly occurred July 24, Dallas County Sheriff’s Department records show.

“This has been a nightmare for Mitch and his family,” Ryan’s attorney Jeremy Rosenthal said. “We look forward to Dallas County hearing the truth and this case being over.”

Five months ago, celebrity cheerleader Harris was arrested and accused of soliciting nude photos and sex from minors. He faces multiple felony charges, including sexual exploitation of children and transportation with intent for illicit sexual conduct.



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Australian couple accused of keeping drugged sex slaves

An Australian couple allegedly kept several young women between the ages of 17 to 24 as sex slaves — some of whom were branded as the man’s “property,” according to a report.

Matthew James Markcrow, 35, and his girlfriend Crystal Marie Sawyer, 23, appeared in a Brisbane court Friday after police uncovered evidence to support “sexual servitude and organized prostitution” during raids in Queensland this week, news.com.au reported.

Police allege the victims were drugged while subjected to controlled living, financial and work conditions.

Photos posted on social media by Markcrow also show tattoos branding some of the women as “Property of Matt M,” the outlet said.

Markcrow was charged with conducting unlawful prostitution, making recordings in breach of privacy, contravening an order about electronic information and conducting a business involving sexual servitude of a girl under 18.

Matthew Markcrow, 35, has been charged with recruiting young women into sexual slavery in Australia.
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Sawyer was charged with conducting unlawful prostitution and contravening an order about electronic information, news.com.au reported.

Markcrow has been kept in custody, while his girlfriend was granted bail — despite allegations that she exerted control over the women and concerns she may run the business during her boyfriend’s absence.

“Police observed other girls follow Sawyer’s leadership during the search … she demonstrated a degree of control over the other girls,” said police Sgt. Mark Hughes.

Matthew Markcrow, 35, has been charged with recruiting young women into sexual slavery in Queensland, Australia. Drugs and recordings of sexual acts were allegedly uncovered by officers.
Queensland Police

Defense attorney Lily Berkeley argued that there was no firm evidence that Sawyer had been involved in the business and said the charges were brought “somewhat prematurely.”

The judge granted Sawyer bail on condition that she must not contact the witnesses and has to report to police twice a week.

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According To Super Bowl Ads, Americans Love America, Animals And Sex

Like millions of viewers who tune into the big game year after year, we at FiveThirtyEight LOVE Super Bowl commercials. We love them so much, in fact, that we wanted to know everything about them … by analyzing and categorizing them, of course. We dug into the defining characteristics of a Super Bowl ad, then grouped commercials based on which criteria they shared — and let me tell you, we found some really weird clusters of commercials.

We watched 233 ads from the 10 brands that aired the most spots in all 21 Super Bowls this century, according to superbowl-ads.com.1class=”footnote”> While we watched, we evaluated ads using seven specific criteria, marking every spot as a “yes” or “no” for each:

Is the ad jokey, goofy, weird or silly? Funny commercials (or ones that are trying to be funny) are a clear “yes” here. Anything serious or dramatic is a “no.”

Can you tell what is being advertised within the first 10 seconds of the commercial? If you can see the product or brand name on the screen, that counts.

Did the commercial make a patriotic appeal, either clear or subtle, or include American imagery? Any glimpses of an American flag or the words “America” or “United States” counted, as did references to the armed forces, manufacturing and farming.

If we saw a celebrity we recognized, we checked this one off.

Did we see any violence, threats of violence, injuries, fighting or guns? Any allusions to death or hokey injuries also counted here.

Did an animal — either real or computer-generated — show up at any point in the ad? Even one-frame appearances counted.

We counted any subtle or overt suggestions of sex, sexuality, sex appeal or nudity.

Seeing which commercials matched any one of these categories was interesting enough in its own right — like how many Bud Light commercials, especially from the early 2000s, made particularly lewd jokes. But we found some unique, bizarre and even downright disturbing commercials when we looked at ads that showed up in multiple categories, especially criteria that you would think couldn’t fit together in a single ad.

These ads probably aren’t what you think of first when it comes to Super Bowl commercials. They feature danger, violence or injury, but not as the punchline of a joke. This cluster is home to a few real tear-jerkers2class=”footnote”> and some attempts at inspirational unity.3class=”footnote”>

One 2001 E-Trade ad stood out in this category for me, though, because it was just so odd out of context. This commercial plays like the ending of an emotional Western — we watch a chimp riding a horse through an abandoned ghost town of failed businesses. This tension crescendos with a sock puppet factory being violently razed by a wrecking ball as a discarded puppet lands at our protagonist’s feet. The chimp cries over the devastation it has just witnessed, and the screen fades to black — only the words “invest wisely” are left. E-Trade was poking fun at all the dot-coms that had gone under during the previous year, including Pets.com — there are some clear nods to Pets.com’s 2000 Super Bowl commercial, in which its sock puppet mascot sings a bad karaoke version of Chicago’s “If You Leave Me Now.”4class=”footnote”> This E-Trade ad was well-received at the time, but 20 years later it came across to me as deeply sad.

The 12 ads in this cluster combined patriotic symbolism with celebrity endorsements.5class=”footnote”> There was a pretty wide range in how overtly political these commercials got — from Bob Dylan crooning over images of soldiers reuniting with their families to Carlos Mencia teaching immigrants how to hit on “American” women in a commercial that reaches levels of insensitivity way beyond uncomfortable.

But the silliest commercial in this group was a Pepsi ad from 2001 that featured former Republican Sen. Bob Dole talking about a big bottle of Pepsi like it was Viagra while walking on a beach, hitting on women and nailing a backflip.6class=”footnote”> This commercial was a parody of a 1998 ad campaign Dole did with Viagra, and it even features a small part played by Eric Stonestreet — now an award-winning actor known for his role as Cameron Tucker on ABC’s “Modern Family.”

This category was truly the most unsettling of the bunch for me, especially considering how many commercials met the criteria. There was a wide range of approaches in how advertisers combined these categories, though, with some more disturbing than others. On one end are ads that sell sex while an animal happens to be in one of the shots — the Bob Dole Pepsi ad shows him walking on the beach with his dog, and a Budweiser ad that centers on some crabs stealing 7class=”footnote”> a cooler of beer makes sure to sneak in frames of women in bikinis. These ads sell sex, and these ads have animals, but they’re not really fundamentally intertwined.

At the other unholy end of the spectrum, though, are Bud Light ads in which a talking chimp hits on a woman and a falcon brings back a woman’s bra to its handler after attacking a city block on the hunt for beer. The only thing more unsettling than watching these bizarre commercials is realizing a whole boardroom approved these concepts for what was a likely multimillion-dollar ad spot. The commercials in this cluster really cover the full spectrum, so watch at your own risk.

Those three groupings contained some dramatic, funny and weird Super Bowl commercials. Explore all 243 Super Bowl commercials we watched below and filter to find your own clusters of ads.

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What if temperature determined a baby’s sex?

The series “Imaginary Earths” speculates what the world might be like if one key aspect of life changed, whether related to the planet or humanity.

The sex of humans is largely controlled by the X and Y sex chromosomes. However, in many reptiles and fish, sex is instead influenced by how warm or cool eggs are before hatching. What might life be like for humans if sex was likewise under the sway of temperature?

The fact it was even possible to control the sex of animals using heat or cold was first uncovered in the rainbow agama lizard in 1966 by French zoologist Madeline Charnier at the University of Dakar in Senegal. She found hatchlings from eggs incubated at lower temperatures were female, while those that developed at higher temperatures were male.

Since then, scientists have discovered other patterns of temperature-dependent sex determination. For instance, with the Hawaiian green sea turtle, females emerge if incubated above a certain temperature and males if below a certain temperature, and if temperatures in nests fluctuate between those extremes, a mix of males and females are seen, according to a 2020 study published in the journal Bionatura. In contrast, with the American alligator, females develop from extremes of hot and cold and males from intermediate temperatures. 

Related: What if humans had photosynthetic skin?

Temperature controls sex determination, in all crocodilians, most turtles, many fish, and some lizards, according to organismal biologist Karla Moeller at Arizona State University. Within a specific window of time during the embryonic development of these animals, heat or cold can influence the production of sex hormones, which in turn can sway a hatchling’s fate.

Moeller noted that one cause of temperature-dependent sex determination is an enzyme known as aromatase, which can convert male sex hormones to female sex hormones. In animals such as the red-eared slider turtle, heat during a specific developmental stage can increase levels of this enzyme, leading to more females.

Evolutionary mysteries

It remains uncertain exactly why these animals practice temperature-dependent sex determination, although a huge number of theories exist, Jennifer Graves, a geneticist at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia, told Live Science in a phone interview.

“Our best guess is that temperature-dependent sex determination originated because reptiles do not have parental care and the eggs are in close interaction with the environment,” Diego Cortez, a biologist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City, told Live Science in an email. “We also know that elevated incubation temperatures speed up the development of embryos. So, the sex that is linked to higher incubation temperatures will hatch earlier.” 

Because, among reptiles, hatching is often linked with the rainy season, when life flourishes, any hatchling that emerges early will likely get more food, Cortez said. “With more food, it will grow faster, and will have higher chances of surviving until it reaches maturity,” he said.

According to this idea, known as the survival-to-maturity hypothesis, “if for some reason it is better for a species to have larger females or larger males at maturity, then this sex will be linked to high incubation temperatures so it can hatch earlier during the season,” Cortez said. 

Another possibility is that temperature-dependent sex determination could give a way for mothers to control the sex of their offspring. Scientists have suggested that female alligators may choose cooler nests to have more female hatchlings, so when populations are low, “females can make their nests down near the water so more females hatch,” Graves said. In contrast, when populations have reached a stable level, females might choose warmer nests “so there are a lot more males, getting more male aggression and competition.” The next generation of females could then choose from the best males, Graves suggested.

Unlikely in humans?

All known species with temperature-dependent sex determination are both oviparous, or egg-layers, and cold-blooded, meaning their body temperatures change with that of their surroundings. However, humans are neither of those things.

Related: Why do animals hibernate?

As such, “temperature-dependent sex determination in humans is not very likely because you would need, at a minimum, two different body temperatures — one that would trigger female development and one that would trigger male development,” Cortez said. “But the human body is always at 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit).”

Still, if women could somehow experience a range of body temperatures, Cortez said he could imagine a way for temperature-dependent sex determination to happen in humans. He noted that some proteins that help regulate circadian rhythms in humans — our internal clocks — are also linked with temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. These proteins, known as CLK kinases, are found throughout the body, and can sense very small fluctuations in body temperature.

“It would not be impossible to think that if CLK kinases are involved in temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles, where they sense large changes in incubation temperatures — usually between 3 and 7 degrees Celsius [5.4 to 12.6 degrees F] — that the system could be adapted to sense smaller temperatures changes that could, hypothetically speaking, be then linked to the embryo’s sex,” Cortez said.

For temperature-dependent sex determination to exist in humans, Graves suggested one possibility is that we somehow become poikilotherms — that is, unable to control our body temperature — much like the naked mole-rat. Another possibility is that instead of live births, we were to somehow lay eggs like a platypus, she added.

Controlling sex

So what might humanity look like if temperature could decide the sex of our offspring? The most important consequence would likely be that it would then be trivial for parents to decide their children’s sex, Graves said.

One big risk is the potential for a major imbalance between the sexes in a society.

“Many humans like to decide the sex of their kids,” Cortez said. “Sadly, in many places on this planet, the preferred sex would be males. So, if humans could decide the sex of their offspring using a non-complicated technique, like changing their body temperature during a specific week during pregnancy — incubation temperature would have to be changed only during the week when sex is determined — I’m confident this would create many societies biased towards men.”

That would be a problem.

“We know that excess of one specific sex in adult populations creates an unbalanced population that has been linked to increased violence, more sexual conflict because is not easy for one sex to get a partner, less parental care, and so on,” Cortez added. “So, in other words, a less harmonious society.”

One could imagine that governments might intervene to ensure that one sex was not too heavily favored. However, “we might then start to speculate what might happen if the choice of sex might not be up to parents — what forces might interest the state to skew the sex ratio one way or the other,” Graves said.

Originally published on Live Science.

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Reindeer lichens are having more sex than expected

Reindeer lichen. Credit: Marta Alonso-García

In northern Canada, the forest floor is carpeted with reindeer lichens. They look like a moss made of tiny gray branches, but they’re stranger than that: they’re composite organisms, a fungus and algae living together as one. They’re a major part of reindeer diets, hence the name, and the forest depends on them to move nutrients through the ecosystem. They also, at least in parts of Quebec, are having a lot more sex than scientists expected. In a new study in the American Journal of Botany, researchers found that the reindeer lichens they examined have unexpected levels of genetic diversity, indicating that the lichens have been doing more gene-mixing with each other than the scientists would have guessed.

“We were surprised because this species of reindeer lichen had always been considered mainly a clonal species that reproduces asexually,” says Marta Alonso-García, the paper’s lead author and a postdoctoral fellow at Quebec’s Université-Laval. “It doesn’t follow the expected pattern.”

Reindeer lichens swing both ways: they can reproduce sexually via spores, or they can asexually clone themselves. When fungi reproduce sexually, they send out root-like structures toward a neighboring fungus and exchange genetic information when they touch. They then release spores, single cells containing genetic material, which travel on the wind and disperse. When they land, they start growing and produce a new baby fungus that’s genetically distinct from its parents. In asexual clonal reproduction, on the other hand, a piece of the entire lichen (fungus and alga), called the thallus, is pinched off and regrows into a whole organism that’s genetically identical to its parent.

The two reproductive methods have different advantages. “Sexual reproduction is very costly,” says Felix Grewe, the co-director of the Field Museum’s Grainger Bioinformatics Center and a co-author of the study. “You have to find your partner, it’s more difficult than reproducing asexually. But many organisms do it because when you have this combining and mixing of genetic traits, it enables you to weed out negative mutations long-term among other benefits.”

Microscopic view of reproductive organs of reindeer lichens. Credit: Kim Daloise

The researchers were examining reindeer lichens (Cladonia stellaris) to learn about their genetic patterns. “We used DNA sequences to tease apart the genetic relationships between populations of this lichen,” says Alonso-García. “We tested whether individuals from northern Quebec (Hudson Bay) were genetically different from those from the South (Parc National des Grands-Jardins, two hours from Québec City). At the same time, due to its important role in the colonization process after a fire, we evaluated lichen genetic diversity along a post-fire succession.”

Lichens can reveal a lot about how wildfires affect ecosystems. “Wildfire is the most significant disturbance in the world’s northernmost forests, and it plays a major role in determining the distribution and composition of plant communities,” says Alonso-García. “In Eastern North America, four successional vegetation stages are generally identified after a fire. During the first stage, crustose lichens and mosses colonize the burned surface. Subsequently, the soil is covered by cup and horn lichens. The landscape remains mostly uniform for around 20 years until the arrival of fruticose lichens which replace the previous vegetation. Cladonia stellaris arrives the last one, usually three or four decades after fire.” By studying genetic variations in reindeer lichens, the researchers hoped to learn how lichens recolonize an area after a fire.

To study the lichens’ DNA, the researchers ground up samples of lichens and extracted their DNA. But lichens present an extra challenge in this process, since they’re made up of a fungus and an alga (or a kind of bacteria that performs photosynthesis) living together. “That means that all the DNA is mixed up together, we get one pool that contains fungal DNA and algal DNA,” says Grewe. “We have to carefully filter and sort the sequence reads bioinformatically.” The main body of a lichen is made up of the fungus, so the researchers wanted to focus on the fungal component’s DNA. By comparing the pool of DNA to existing genomes, the researchers were able to pick out the DNA belonging to the fungus, and they could then compare the fungal DNA from reindeer lichens from different areas of Quebec.

What they found was surprising: in general, there was a lot more genetic variation in the lichens than the researchers expected, and that indicates hanky-panky. “It’s a general assumption was that these reindeer lichens mainly reproduce asexually because there’s little evidence for them producing spores, but now the genetic data shows all this diversity, and that leads to the assumption that might be some form of sex,” says Grewe.

A Canadian forest carpeted with reindeer lichen. Credit: Marta Alonso-García

“We were expecting that lichens from North Quebec would be more similar to each other than to those from Parc National des Grands-Jardins. However, our results suggest constant migration of C. stellaris between populations throughout Eastern North America,” says Alonso-García. “In fact, contrary to the widespread belief, we found many reproductive structures in the species and these structures are formed after sexual reproduction.”

But while the lichens are apparently doing more genetic intermingling than expected, the researchers also found that after a forest fire, the new lichens that crop up are genetically similar to the ones that were there before. That was counterintuitive— the thought had been that the little cloned lichen bits would be destroyed in a fire, and that the repopulation of lichens would be growing from spores that arrived on the wind from other areas. “Regarding the genetic diversity of the species after fires, we found no differences along four stages of the succession. This was also astonishing because time since the last fire increases the probability that clonal fragments successfully reached the sites, enhancing genetic diversity,” says Alonso-García.

In addition to revealing the hidden sex lives of reindeer lichen, the study could have implications for forest conservation. “We have learned that time since the last fire does not necessarily mean more genetic diversity, so conservation strategies in boreal forests should take this into account,” says Alonso-García. “Prioritizing the protection of an area should not be based exclusively on its age. This is quite important because funding is usually limited, so we cannot carry out conservation activities in the entire forest.” In short: if conservation scientists want to protect areas of forest with genetically diverse lichen populations, the forest’s age isn’t the only indicator of diversity.

Grewe adds the importance of bioinformatics in learning about how organisms are related to each other. “It is astonishing that today we can have such a detailed view of the evolution of populations using bioinformatics,” says Grewe. “This is another good example of how advancement in sequencing technology allows us to learn about the evolution of an organism in more detail than ever before.”


Fire-spawned forest fungi hide out in other organisms, study finds


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Keira Knightley Will No Longer Do Sex Scenes Under “The Male Gaze” – Deadline

Keira Knightley is a versatile actress who has been seen in everything from blockbusters to indies to period films. Throughout her career, she has been in films where she has been seen nude and in sex scenes. Now, since having children, she added a no-nudity clause to her contract. During an episode of the Chanel Connects podcast, the Oscar-nominated actress talked to filmmaker Lulu Wang and producer/journalist Diane Solway about how she is no longer willing to do nude or sex scenes — specifically with male directors.

“It’s partly vanity and also it’s the male gaze,” she said on the podcast. “I feel very uncomfortable now trying to portray the male gaze.”

She understands that some directors need “somebody to look hot” and there are those “horrible sex scenes where you’re all greased up and everybody’s grunting”. For Knightley, she is at a point in her career where she is no longer interested in doing that.  She understands the value of these types of scenes but she said that they can find someone else.

“I’m too vain and the body has had two children now and I’d just rather not stand in front of a group of men naked,” she said.

Knightley isn’t totally opposed to nude scenes. She said she would feel different if it was a story about that journey of motherhood and body acceptance — but she said it would have to be with a female filmmaker.

“I don’t have an absolute ban,” said Knightley, “but I kind of do with men.”



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Dinosaurs peed, pooped, and had sex using all-purpose orifice

  • Scientists have discovered how dinosaurs peed, pooed and had sex thanks to a 130 million year old fossil.
  • The findings from the fossil found in Liaoning, China over 20 years ago were detailed in a study.
  • The paper focuses on the cloaca or posterior orifice of the Psittacosaurus dinosaur.
  • Visit Insider’s homepage for more stories.

Scientists have discovered how dinosaurs peed, pooed, and had sex for the first time, thanks to 130 million-year-old Chinese fossil.

A study published in Current Biology detailed their findings on the discovery first made in Liaoning, China, over 20 years ago.

The paper is entitled, ‘A cloacal opening in a non-avian dinosaur.’ It focuses on the cloaca or posterior orifice of the Psittacosaurus dinosaur, which lived during the Cretaceous period that began around 145 million years ago and ended around 65 million years ago.

Lead author, Dr. Jakob Vinther, a paleontologist from the University of Bristol, told Insider: “I discovered the cloaca was preserved, that we could reconstruct it and that this would be interesting in 2016.

“We realized that nobody has ever described a dinosaur cloaca before, and very few people have looked at what a cloaca and cloacal opening looks like from the outside among living animals. 

“The cloaca is used for everything: peeing, pooping, laying eggs, copulation. It’s basically the Swiss army knife of orifices, it can do everything but eating and breathing,” Dr. Vinther continued.

Cloaca in the fossil of the Psittacosaurus dinosaur.

Dr. Jakob Vinther


With Professor Diane Kelly from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, an expert on cloaca and animal penises, and paleoartist Bob Nicholls, he created a 3D dinosaur model.

Dr. Vinther added: “The dinosaur is about the height of a Labrador, is covered in scaly skin, and has strange bristles coming off its tail. It’s a relative of some big, herbivorous dinosaurs like the Triceratops, which has horns and a frill. However, this fella has some horns on the side of its cheeks and kind of looks like ET. It’s quite cute.”

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Dr. Vinther said the sex of the dinosaur remains unknown since in animals with a cloaca, the penis is hidden inside and in this particular case, the external features don’t reveal much about that.

He added: “Dinosaurs are ancestors of birds. Birds are a group of dinosaurs that survived, so we had to look and see what they have. 

“Because many groups of birds have lost their penises except for ducks, ostriches, and their relatives, birds do something called cloacal kissing where they put their cloacas together and vibrate really fast. So when birds mate, that’s typically what’s going on.”



Fossil of the Psittacosaurus dinosaur.

Dr. Jakob Vinther


Crocodiles are also dinosaur ancestors with penises. With that information, the scientists were able to extrapolate that if some of the deepest branches of birds in the tree of life have penises, then dinosaurs, such as the Psittacosaurus, probably have penises too.

Dr. Vinther said: “We can actually say for sure that they have a penis because the shape of this cloaca would not be particularly good for cloacal kissing. It’s a cloaca that is good for penetrative sex.”

“We could see its color patterns, which suggests this cloaca was used for visual singling, so that means that they would been showing off their cloaca like ‘Hey, hey, check this out!’ So one of the things that we have a little glimpse into here is a glorious past where dinosaurs were engaged in cloacal signaling to attract mates,” he continued.

The Psittacosaurus fossil is currently on display at the Senckenberg Natural History Museum in Frankfurt, Germany.

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Thanks to a new fossil discovery, we suddenly know a lot more about dinosaur sex

No one predicted that January 2021 would be a banner month for dinosaur news. Last week an article in the scholarly journal Cretaceous Research revealed that dinosaur bones in Argentina may have belonged to a creature so massive that it would have been the largest land animal know to have existed. Now a study published in the journal Current Biology gives us an up close look at these animals — namely, at their butts.

A team of scientists from the University of Bristol and the University of Massachusetts Amherst revealed that they had discovered and described in detail a dinosaur’s cloaca — that is, a vent in the animal’s posterior that would have been the dinosaur’s equivalent of an anus, urethra and genitalia — based on a fossil that had distinctly preserved the skin patterns of a Psittacosaurus, a dog-sized dinosaur related to the Triceratops. Unlike bones, soft tissue does not usually preserve well over millions of years; hence, lacking any preserved organs or skin tissue, much of dinosaur anatomy and behavior has been a mystery. That makes this discovery of a cloaca a genuinely interesting clue that tells us more about dinosaur behavior, including mating.

“The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening that is used for everything that you do opposite of your mouth: peeing, pooping, having sex, laying eggs,” Dr. Jakob Vinther, a paleontologist at the University of Bristol, told Salon. “Most of these animals have penises, except for some of the dinosaurs’ descendants. Amongst birds you don’t find penises so often. They do something else called cloacal kissing, where they basically put their cloacal openings up against each other and then they just vibrate until some sperm is released and that is absorbed by the female’s cloaca. The question is, what would dinosaurs be doing?”

Until recently, paleontologists could only guess.

“One of the issues is that a lot of the bits that would be relevant to the actual reproductive systems are soft tissues that don’t typically fossilize,” Dr. Diane Kelly, a professor of psychological and brain sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst who helped co-author the paper, told Salon. She noted that there have been some exceptions, such as a raptor fossil that was found sitting on a nest in the Gobi desert.

“From that you can deduce that that particular species had brooding behavior,” Kelly told Salon. When it comes to actual preserved soft tissue, however, Kelly pointed out that finding it in a condition suitable for meaningful scientific examination is “rare,” and as such information about dinosaurs nether-regions has been limited.

Thanks to the scientists’ study of this cloaca, however, we now know a lot more.

“Now we can actually say that this type of cloaca is not suited for cloacal kissing, that is a cloaca that is suitable for penetrative sex,” Vinther told Salon. Although he said that scientists cannot determine the sex of the dinosaur they found, they noted that “the shape of the cloaca is somewhat distinct. It doesn’t look like either birds or the close relatives, the crocodiles. It’s got a pair of sort of swollen lips on either side that sort of flare out. They sort of join together in one direction and then they flare out towards the tail.” By contrast, bird cloacas “kind of looks like a swollen zit that is ready to be popped,” Vinther said, although another close relative of dinosaurs — the crocodile — also has a pair of lips around its cloaca.

“In crocodiles, when you have these swollen lips there is a pair of glands below that can release this sort of fatty substance that are full of pheromones and smell irresistible to other crocodiles,” Vinther explained. “We believe that this dinosaur also had that based on its anatomy.”

In addition, Vinther identified something “quite surprising and unique” in the dinosaur’s cloaca — namely, the fact that it was very colorful, which suggested that they were used for visual signaling.

“That’s something we don’t see in crocodiles,” Vinther explained. “We don’t see that in many animals actually altogether. Of course there are some mammals like, for example, baboons, that have a big colorful butt or lower quarter, as they say in technical terms, which can be used for communication. But if you take, for example, birds, there are just two species of living birds that we could find that have a colorful cloaca.”

Normally cloacas are not exactly headline news fodder, but both scientists told Salon that they suspected their discovery might garner attention.

“We were not surprised that there was a lot of attention,” Kelly explained. “There’s usually a lot of attention when it’s dinosaurs. When any new dinosaur study comes out, people are usually pretty interested in and excited about it.” She noted that this is compounded her because the discovery is “about naughty bits, so that’s just another level of interest.”

Vinther also said he had a “suspicion” the story would become popular, recalling that people had expressed interest in the subject when he had mentioned it in passing prior to the article being published. Even so, he added that “I wasn’t sure whether people would pick up on it and cover it to the extent that they have. That is quite amazing.”

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