Tag Archives: Personal saving

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Here’s how to report Roth IRA conversions on your taxes

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If you made a Roth individual retirement account conversion in 2022, you may have a more complicated tax return this season, experts say. 

The strategy, which transfers pretax or non-deductible IRA funds to a Roth IRA for future tax-free growth, tends to be more popular during a stock market downturn because you can convert more assets at a lower dollar amount. While the trade-off is upfront taxes, you may have less income by converting lower-value investments.

“You get more bang for your buck,” said Jim Guarino, a certified financial planner and managing director at Baker Newman Noyes in Woburn, Massachusetts. He is also a certified public accountant.

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If you completed a Roth conversion in 2022, you’ll receive Form 1099-R from your custodian, which includes the distribution from your IRA, Guarino said. 

You’ll need to report the transfer on Form 8606 to tell the IRS which portion of your Roth conversion is taxable, he said. However, when there’s a mix of pretax and non-deductible IRA contributions over time, the calculation may be trickier than you expect. (You may have non-deductible contributions in your pretax IRA if you don’t qualify for the full or partial tax break due to income and workplace retirement plan participation.)

“I see a lot of people making a mistake here,” Guarino said. The reason is the so-called “pro-rata rule” which requires you to factor your aggregate pretax IRA funds into the calculation. 

How the pro-rata rule works

JoAnn May, a CFP and CPA with Forest Asset Management in Berwyn, Illinois, said the pro-rata rule is the equivalent of adding cream to your coffee then finding you can’t remove the cream once it’s poured.

“That’s exactly what happens when you mix pretax and non-deductible IRAs,” she said, meaning you can’t simply convert the after-tax portion.

For example, let’s say you have a pretax IRA of $20,000 and you made a non-deductible IRA contribution of $6,000 in 2022.

If you converted the entire $26,000 balance, you would divide $6,000 by $26,000 to calculate the tax-free portion. This means roughly 23% or about $6,000 is tax-free and $20,000 is taxable. 

Alternatively, let’s say you have $1 million across a few IRAs and $100,000, or 10% of the total, is non-deductible contributions. If you converted $30,000, only $3,000 would be non-taxable and $27,000 would be taxable.

Of course, the bigger your pretax IRA balance, the higher percentage of the conversion will be taxable, May said. Alternatively, a larger non-deductible or Roth IRA balance reduces the percentage. 

But here’s the kicker: Taxpayers also use the Form 8606 to report non-deductible IRA contributions every year to establish “basis” or your after-tax balance. 

However, after several years, it’s easy to lose track of basis, even in professional tax software, warned May. “It’s a big problem,” she said. “If you miss it, then you’re basically paying tax on the same money twice.” 

Timing conversions to avoid an ‘unnecessary’ tax bump

With the S&P 500 still down about 14% over the past 12 months as of Jan. 19, you may be eyeing a Roth conversion. But tax experts say you need to know your 2023 income to know the tax consequences, which may be difficult early in the year.

“I recommend waiting until the end of the year,” said Tommy Lucas, a CFP and enrolled agent at Moisand Fitzgerald Tamayo in Orlando, Florida, noting that income can change from factors like selling a home or year-end mutual fund distributions. 

Typically, he aims to “fill up a lower tax bracket,” without bumping someone into the next one with Roth conversion income.

For example, if a client is in the 12% bracket, Lucas may limit the conversion to avoid spilling into the 22% tier. Otherwise, they’ll pay more on the taxable income in that higher bracket.

“The last thing we want to do is throw someone into an unnecessary tax bracket,” he said. And boosting income may have other consequences, such as reduced eligibility for certain tax breaks or higher Medicare Part B and D premiums.

Guarino from Baker Newman Noyes also crunches the numbers before making Roth conversion decisions, noting that he’s “essentially performing the Form 8606 calculation during the year” to know how much of the Roth conversion will be taxable income.

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Business

401(k) balances fell 23% year-over-year due to market volatility: Fidelity

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Months of market swings have taken a heavy toll on retirement savers.

The average 401(k) balance sank for the third consecutive quarter and is now down 23% from a year ago to $97,200, according to a new report by Fidelity Investments, the nation’s largest provider of 401(k) plans. The financial services firm handles more than 35 million retirement accounts in total.

The average individual retirement account balance also plunged 25% year-over-year to $101,900 in the third quarter of 2022.

Still, the majority of retirement savers continue to contribute, Fidelity found. The average 401(k) contribution rate, including employer and employee contributions, held steady at 13.9%, just shy of Fidelity’s suggested savings rate of 15%.

“The market has taken some dramatic turns this year,” Kevin Barry, president of workplace investing at Fidelity, said in a statement. “Retirement savers have wisely chosen to avoid the drama.”

“One of the most essential aspects of a sound retirement savings strategy is contributing enough consistently — in up markets, down markets and sideways markets — to help reach your goals,” Barry said.

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Just 4.5% of savers changed their asset allocation in the most recent quarter, with most moving their savings into a more conservative investment option, Fidelity said. Some retirement savers seem to have been spooked after suffering big losses amid worries tied to inflation, interest rates, geopolitical turmoil and other factors, 401(k) administrator Alight Solutions also found.

‘It’s best to take a long-term approach to retirement’

“We encourage people not to make changes to their account based on short-term market events because often that can do more harm than good,” said Mike Shamrell, Fidelity’s vice president of thought leadership.

“It’s best to take a long-term approach to retirement.”

And despite the ongoing inflationary pressure straining most households, only 2.4% of plan participants took a loan from their 401(k), Fidelity said.

Federal law allows workers to borrow up to 50% of their account balance, or $50,000, whichever is less. However many financial experts similarly advise against tapping a 401(k) before exhausting all other alternatives since you’ll also be forfeiting the power of compound interest. 

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How to save above 401(k) deferral limits with after-tax contributions

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If you’ve already maxed out 401(k) plan contributions for 2022 and you’re eager to save more for retirement, some plans have an under-the-radar option, experts say.

For 2022, you can defer $20,500 into a 401(k), plus an extra $6,500 for investors 50 and older. But the total plan limit is $61,000 per worker, including matches, profit sharing and other deposits. And some plans let you exceed the $20,500 deferral limit with so-called after-tax contributions. 

“It’s definitely something higher-income people may want to consider at the end of the year if they’re looking for places to put additional savings,” said certified financial planner Ashton Lawrence, a partner at Goldfinch Wealth Management in Greenville, South Carolina.

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After-tax versus Roth accounts

After-tax contributions are different than Roth 401(k) plans. While both strategies involve saving money after taxes, there are some key differences.

For 2022, if you’re under 50, you can defer up to $20,500 of your salary into your plan’s regular pretax or Roth 401(k) account. The percentage of plans offering a Roth 401(k) saving option has surged over the past decade.

However, some plans offer additional after-tax contributions to your traditional 401(k), which allows you to save more than the $20,500 cap. For example, if you defer $20,500 and your employer kicks in $8,000 for matches and profit-sharing, you may save another $32,500 before hitting the $61,000 plan limit for 2022.

While the number of plans offering after-tax 401(k) contributions has been rising, it’s still less common among smaller companies, according to an annual survey from the Plan Sponsor Council of America.

In 2021, roughly 21% of company plans offered after-tax 401(k) contributions, compared to about 20% of plans in 2020, the survey found. And almost 42% of employers of 5,000 or more provided the option in 2021, up from about 38% in 2020.

Despite the uptick, after-tax 401(k) participation declined in 2021, dropping to about 10% from nearly 13% the previous year, the same survey showed.

Leverage the ‘mega backdoor Roth’ strategy

Once you’ve made after-tax contributions, the plan may allow what’s known as a “mega backdoor Roth” strategy, which includes paying levies on growth and moving the funds for future tax-free growth.

“That’s a nice way to go ahead and start boosting that tax-free money for those future years,” Lawrence said.

Depending on the plan rules, you may transfer the money to a Roth 401(k) within the plan or to a separate Roth individual retirement account, explained Dan Galli, a CFP and owner at Daniel J. Galli & Associates in Norwell, Massachusetts. And with many details to consider, working with an advisor may be worthwhile.

However, “there’s a fair number of professionals — from CPAs, attorneys, wealth managers and financial planners — who don’t understand or are not familiar with in-plan Roth [401(k)] rollovers,” he said.  

There’s a fair number of professionals — from CPAs, attorneys, wealth managers and financial planners — who don’t understand or are not familiar with in-plan Roth [401(k)] rollovers.

Dan Galli

Owner at Daniel J. Galli & Associates

While the “knee-jerk reaction” is to roll after-tax 401(k) funds out of the plan into a Roth IRA, investors need to “know the rules” and possible downsides, such as losing access to institutional pricing and funds, Galli said.

“There’s no right or wrong,” he said. “It’s just understanding the advantages, and my impression is most people don’t understand that you can do this all within the 401(k).”

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American workers are worse off financially than a year ago

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Rising costs have chipped away at most Americans’ standard of living.

As inflation pressures continue, two-thirds of working adults said they are worse off financially than they were a year ago, according to a recent report by Salary Finance.

To make ends meet, many are dipping into their cash reserves or going into debt.

Nearly three-quarters, or 72%, of consumers have less in savings than last year, a jump from 55% who said the same in February, the report found. And 29% said they have wiped out their savings entirely. The report is based on a survey of 500 adults in August.

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The consumer price index, which measures the average change in prices for consumer goods and services, rose more than expected again in September, still hovering near the highest levels since the early 1980s.

The rising cost of living is bad news for workers, whose average hourly earnings declined 0.1% for the month on an inflation-adjusted basis and are off 3% from a year ago, leaving more Americans living paycheck to paycheck.

Now, 32% of adults said they regularly run out of money between pay periods, according to Salary Finance.

Across the board, American workers are struggling financially.

Asesh Sarkar

CEO of Salary Finance

Even high earners are struggling more than last year, Salary Finance said. Of those making more than six figures, roughly half are having a harder time staying afloat and have less in savings than they did in 2021.

A separate report by LendingTree also found that 40% of adults said they are less able to afford their bills compared with one year ago. 

“Across the board, American workers are struggling financially, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or earnings; in fact, half of American workers making over $100,000 are worse off this year,” said Asesh Sarkar, CEO of Salary Finance.

‘The federal funds rate must go higher from here’

For its part, the Federal Reserve has indicated more interest rate increases are coming until inflation shows clear signs of a pullback.

The central bank “continues to see a bright green light with respect to future interest rate increases,” said Mark Hamrick, senior economic analyst at Bankrate.com. 

“Based on the latest snapshots of inflation, they believe the target range for the federal funds rate must go higher from here,” he said. “There’s no pivot yet in sight, only a push to higher ground.”

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Business

Social Security COLA will be 8.7% in 2023, highest increase in 40 years

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Amid record high inflation, Social Security beneficiaries will get an 8.7% increase to their benefits in 2023, the highest increase in 40 years.

The Social Security Administration announced the change on Thursday. It will result in a benefit increase of more than $140 more per month on average starting in January.

The average Social Security retiree benefit will increase $146 per month, to $1,827 in 2023, from $1,681 in 2022.

The Senior Citizens League, a non-partisan senior group, had estimated last month that the COLA could be 8.7% next year. 

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The confirmed 8.7% bump to benefits tops the 5.9% increase beneficiaries saw in 2022, which at the time was the highest in four decades.

The last time the cost-of-living adjustment was higher was in 1981, when the increase was 11.2%.

Next year’s record increase comes as beneficiaries have struggled with increasing prices this year.

“The COLAs really are about people treading water; they’re not increases in benefits,” said Dan Adcock, director of government relations and policy at the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare.

“They’re more trying to provide inflation protection so that people can maintain their standard of living,” Adcock said.

How much your Social Security check may be

Beneficiaries can expect to see the 2023 COLA in their benefit checks starting in January.

But starting in December, you may be able to see notices online from the Social Security Administration that state just how much your checks will be next year.

Two factors — Medicare Part B premiums and taxes — may influence the size of your benefit checks.

The standard Medicare Part B premium will be $5.20 lower next year — to $164.90, down from $170.10. Those payments are often deducted directly from Social Security benefit checks.

“That will mean that beneficiaries will be able to keep pretty much all or most of their COLA increase,” Mary Johnson, Social Security and Medicare policy analyst at The Senior Citizens League, told CNBC.com this week.

That may vary if you have money withheld from your monthly checks for taxes.

To gauge just how much more money you may see next year, take your net Social Security benefit and add in your Medicare premium and multiply that by the 2023 COLA.

“That will give you a good idea what your raise will be,” said Joe Elsasser, an Omaha, Nebraska-based certified financial planner and founder and president of Covisum, a provider of Social Security claiming software.

How the COLA is tied to inflation

The COLA applies to about 70 million Social Security and Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries.

The change is based on the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, or CPI-W.

The Social Security Administration calculates the annual COLA by measuring the change in the CPI-W from the third quarter of the preceding year to the third quarter of the current year.

Benefits do not necessarily go up every year. While there was a record 5.8% increase in 2009, the following two years had 0% increases.

“For seniors, because they spend so much on health care, those years were difficult,” Adcock said.

A similar pattern may happen if the economy goes into a recession, according to Johnson.

What the COLA means if you haven’t claimed benefits yet

If you decide to claim Social Security benefits, you will get access to the record-high COLA.

But you will also have access to it if you wait to start your benefit checks at a later date, according to Elsasser.

If you’re 62 now and don’t claim, your benefit is adjusted by every COLA until you do.

The amount of the COLA really should not influence claiming.

Joe Elsasser

CFP and president of Covisum

What’s more, delaying benefits can increase the size of your monthly checks. Experts generally recommend most people wait as long as possible, until age 70, due to the fact that benefits increase 8% per year from your full retirement age (typically 66 or 67) to 70. To be sure, whether that strategy is ideal may vary based on other factors, such as your personal health situation and marital status.

“The amount of the COLA really should not influence claiming,” Elsasser said. “It doesn’t hurt you or help you as far as when you claim, because you’re going to get it either way.”

How a record-high increase may impact Social Security’s funds

Social Security’s trust funds can pay full benefits through 2035, the Social Security Board of Trustees said in June.

At that time, the program will be able to pay 80% of benefits, the board projects.

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The historic high COLA in 2023 could accelerate the depletion of the trust funds to at least one calendar year earlier, according to the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.

Higher wages may prompt workers to contribute more payroll taxes into the program, which may help offset that. In 2023, maximum taxable earnings will increase to $160,200, up from $147,000 this year.

What could happen to future benefit increases

While 2023 marks a record high COLA, beneficiaries should be prepared for future years where increases are not as high.

If inflation subsides, the size of COLAs will also go down.

Whether the CPI-W is the best measure for the annual increases is up for debate. Some tout the Consumer Price Index for the Elderly, or CPI-E, as a better measure for the costs seniors pay. Multiple Democratic congressional bills have called for changing the annual increases to that measure.

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Business

Government bond yields soar as markets weigh threat of a recession

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Bond yields jumped this week after another major rate hike from the Federal Reserve, flashing a warning of market distress.

The policy-sensitive 2-year Treasury yield on Friday climbed to 4.266%, notching a 15-year high, and the benchmark 10-year Treasury hit 3.829%, the highest in 11 years.

Soaring yields come as the markets weigh the effects of the Fed’s policy decisions, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropping nearly 600 points into bear market territory, tumbling to a fresh low for 2022. 

The yield curve inversion, occurring when shorter-term government bonds have higher yields than long-term bonds, is one indicator of a possible future recession.  

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“Higher bond yields are bad news for the stock market and its investors,” said certified financial planner Paul Winter, owner of Five Seasons Financial Planning in Salt Lake City.

Higher bond yields create more competition for funds that may otherwise go into the stock market, Winter said, and with higher Treasury yields used in the calculation to assess stocks, analysts may reduce future expected cash flows.

What’s more, it may be less attractive for companies to issue bonds for stock buybacks, which is a way for profitable companies to return cash to shareholders, Winter said.

Fed hikes ‘somewhat’ contribute to higher bond yields

Market interest rates and bond prices typically move in opposite directions, which means higher rates cause bond values to fall. There’s also an inverse relationship between bond prices and yields, which rise as bond values drop.

Fed rate hikes have somewhat contributed to higher bond yields, Winter said, with the impact varying across the Treasury yield curve.

 “The farther you move out on the yield curve and the more you go down in credit quality, the less Fed rate hikes affect interest rates,” he said.

That’s a big reason for the inverted yield curve this year, with 2-year yields rising more dramatically than 10-year or 30-year yields, he said.  

Review stock and bond allocations

It’s a good time to revisit your portfolio’s diversification to see if changes are needed, such as realigning assets to match your risk tolerance, said Jon Ulin, a CFP and CEO of Ulin & Co. Wealth Management in Boca Raton, Florida.

On the bond side, advisors watch so-called duration, or measuring bonds’ sensitivity to interest rate changes. Expressed in years, duration factors in the coupon, time to maturity and yield paid through the term. 

Above all, investors must remain disciplined and patient, as always, but more specifically if they believe rates will continue to rise.

Paul Winter

owner of Five Seasons Financial Planning

While clients welcome higher bond yields, Ulin suggests keeping durations short and minimizing exposure to long-term bonds as rates climb.

“Duration risk may take a bite out of your savings over the next year regardless of the sector or credit quality,” he said.

Winter suggests tilting stock allocations toward “value and quality,” typically trading for less than the asset is worth, over growth stocks that may be expected to provide above-average returns. Often, value investors are seeking undervalued companies that are expected to appreciate over time. 

“Above all, investors must remain disciplined and patient, as always, but more specifically if they believe rates will continue to rise,” he added.

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Here’s why the $39 trillion U.S. retirement system gets a C+ grade

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The U.S. retirement system may seem flush — yet it ranks poorly in relation to those in other developed nations.

Collectively, Americans had more than $39 trillion in wealth earmarked for old age at the end of 2021, according to the Investment Company Institute.

However, the U.S. places well outside the top 10 on various global retirement rankings from industry players, such as the Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index and Natixis Investment Managers 2021 Global Retirement Index.

According to Mercer’s index, for example, the U.S. got a “C+.” It ranked No. 17 on Natixis’ list.  

Here’s why the U.S. falls short, according to retirement experts.

The U.S. has a ‘patchwork retirement design’

Iceland topped both lists. Among other factors, the country delivers generous and sustainable retirement benefits to a large share of the population, has a low level of old-age poverty, and has a higher relative degree of retirement income equality, according to the reports, which use different methodologies.

Other nations, including Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Denmark, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand, also got high marks. For example, Denmark, Iceland and the Netherlands each got “A” grades, according to Mercer’s index.

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Where the U.S. largely lags behind those countries, experts said, is that its retirement system isn’t set up so that everyone has a chance at a financially secure retirement.

“Even though we have $40 trillion invested, it’s a very uneven, fragmented, patchwork retirement design that we work with in the U.S.,” said Angela Antonelli, executive director of the Center for Retirement Initiatives at Georgetown University. “Some people do very, very well but a lot of other people are left behind.”

Consider this statistic: Just three of the 38 countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development rank worse than the U.S. in old-age income inequality, according to the bloc of developed countries.  

Indeed, poverty rates are “very high” for Americans 75 years and older: 28% in the U.S. versus 11%, on average, in the OECD.

Many Americans don’t have workplace retirement plans

The U.S. retirement system is often called a “three-legged stool,” which consists of Social Security, workplace arrangements such as pensions and 401(k) plans, and individual savings.

One of the structure’s primary shortfalls is a lack of access to workplace savings plans, according to retirement experts.

Just over half — 53% — of U.S. workers had access to an employer-sponsored retirement plan in 2018, according to a recent estimate by John Sabelhaus, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and adjunct research professor at the University of Michigan. That’s an improvement from nearly 49% a decade earlier, he found.

Even though we have $40 trillion invested, it’s a very uneven, fragmented, patchwork retirement design that we work with in the U.S.

Angela Antonelli

executive director of the Center for Retirement Initiatives at Georgetown University

Approximately 57 million Americans fell in the retirement savings coverage “gap” in 2020, meaning they didn’t have access to a workplace plan, according to a Center for Retirement Initiatives analysis.

The U.S. has a voluntary retirement savings system. The federal government doesn’t require individuals to save, or businesses to offer a pension or 401(k). Individuals also shoulder more personal responsibility to build a nest egg as businesses have largely transitioned away from pension plans.

By contrast, 19 developed nations require some level of coverage, by mandating businesses offer a retirement plan, that individuals have a personal account, or some combination of the two, according to OECD data. In 12 of the countries, the arrangements cover more than 75% of the working-age population. In Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands, for example, the share is near 90% or more.

In Iceland, where coverage is 83%, the private-sector retirement system “covers all employees with a high contribution rate that leads to significant assets being set aside for the future,” Mercer wrote.

IRAs aren’t a catchall for workers without a 401(k)

Of course, people in the U.S. can save for retirement outside the workplace — in an individual retirement account, for example — if their employer doesn’t offer a retirement plan.

But that often doesn’t happen, Antonelli said. Just 13% of households contributed to a pre-tax or Roth IRA in 2020, according to the Investment Company Institute.

IRAs held nearly $14 trillion in 2021, almost double the $7.7 trillion in 401(k) plans. But most IRA funds aren’t contributed directly — they were first saved in a workplace retirement plan and then rolled into an IRA. In 2019, $554 billion was rolled into IRAs — more than seven times the $76 billion contributed directly, according to ICI data.

Lower annual IRA contribution limits also mean individuals can’t save as much each year as they can in workplace plans.  

Americans are 15 times more likely to stash away retirement funds when they can do so at work via payroll deduction, according to AARP.

“Access is our No. 1 issue,” Will Hansen, chief government affairs officer at the American Retirement Association, a trade group, said of workplace retirement savings. Employees of small businesses are least likely to have a 401(k) available, he added.

“[However], the retirement system is actually a good system for those who have access,” Hansen said. “People are saving.”

But the retirement security offered by that savings is tilted toward high-income households, according to federal data.

Low earners, by contrast, “appear more prone to having little or no savings in their [defined contribution] accounts,” the Government Accountability Office wrote in a 2019 report. A 401(k) plan is a type of defined contribution plan, whereby investors “define,” or choose, their desired savings rate.

Just 9% of the bottom quintile of wage earners have retirement savings, versus 68% of middle-income earners and 94% of the top quintile, according to a Social Security Administration report from 2017.

Overall savings are also “constrained” by low wage growth after accounting for inflation and increasing out-of-pocket costs for items such as health care, the GAO said. Longer lifespans are putting more pressure on nest eggs.

Social Security has some structural issues

Social Security benefits — another “leg” of America’s three-legged stool — help make up for a shortfall in personal savings.

About a quarter of senior households rely on these public benefits for at least 90% of their income, according to the Social Security Administration. The average monthly benefit for retirees is about $1,600 as of August 2022.

“That doesn’t put you much above the poverty level,” Antonelli said of Social Security benefits for people with little to no personal savings.

There are also some looming structural issues with the Social Security program. Absent measures to shore up its financing, benefits for retirees are expected to fall after 2034; at that point, the program would be able to pay just 77% of scheduled payments.

Further, individuals can raid their 401(k) accounts in times of financial distress, causing so-called “leakage” from the system. This ability can infuse much-needed cash into struggling households in the present, but may subject savers to a shortfall later in life.

The “leakage” factor, coupled with relatively low minimum Social Security benefits for lower earners and the projected shortfall of the Social Security trust fund, “will have a significant impact on the ability for the U.S. pension system to adequately provide for its retirees in the future,” said Katie Hockenmaier, U.S. defined contribution research director at Mercer.

‘There’s been a tremendous amount of progress’

Of course, it can be tough to compare the relative successes and failures of retirement systems on a global scale.

Each system has evolved from “particular economic, social, cultural, political and historical circumstances,” according to the Mercer report.

“It’s hard to state the U.S. is really far behind when there are so many other external policies countries make that impact their citizens and how effective their retirement will be in the long run,” Hansen said.

Flaws in health-care and education policy bleed into people’s ability to save, Hansen argued. For example, a high student debt burden or big health bills may cause an American borrower to defer saving. In such cases, it may not be fair to place primary blame on the structure of the U.S. retirement system, Hansen said.

And there have been structural improvements in recent years, experts said.

The Pension Protection Act of 2006, for example, ushered in a new era of saving, whereby employers started automatically enrolling workers into 401(k) plans and increasing their contribution amounts each year.

More recently, 11 states and two cities — New York and Seattle — have adopted programs that require businesses to offer retirement programs to workers, according to the Center for Retirement Initiatives. They can be 401(k)-type plans or a state-administered IRA, into which workers would be automatically enrolled.

Federal lawmakers are also weighing provisions — such as reduced costs relative to factors like plan compliance and a boost in tax incentives — to promote more uptake of 401(k) plans among small businesses, Hansen said.

“In the past 15 years — and now with considerations of additional reform in Secure 2.0 [legislation] — there’s been a tremendous amount of progress in recognizing there’s room for the improvement of design of our U.S. retirement system,” Antonelli said.

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44% of Americans think they can achieve billionaire status

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Michael Bloomberg, (right) founder of Bloomberg LP, and Lloyd Blankfein, chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs Group, at the 10,000 Small Businesses (1OKSB) Partnership Event in London on Dec. 14, 2016.

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Mixed feelings about extreme wealth

At the same time, most Americans have a love-hate relationship with extreme wealth.

“There is a mounting disconnect,” the Harris report found: Six in 10 adults want to become a billionaire one day. Meanwhile, 40% said they despise billionaires. Many also said that billionaires have the responsibility to better society but aren’t doing enough.

As the rich get richer, 66% of adults see wealth inequality as a serious national issue, and nearly half of Americans, or 47%, believe that there should be a limit to wealth accumulation, the report also found. 

A mobile billboard in Washington, D.C., calling for higher taxes on the ultra-wealthy depicts an image of billionaire Jeff Bezos on May 17, 2021.

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Of those polled, 24% said personal wealth should be capped at less than $1 billion, while 20% said it should be capped somewhere between $1 billion and $10 billion.

There are roughly 200 people in the U.S. who are currently worth more than $10 billion, according to Forbes’ annual ranking of the richest people. Among the top five, Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffett, Bill Gates and Elon Musk are all worth more than $100 billion.   

Meanwhile, extreme wealth inequality was exacerbated by the Covid pandemic, other reports also show.

The richest Americans have continued to benefit from owning equities and real estate, particularly last year when both the stock market and home values soared. As of the end of 2021, the top 1% owned a record 32.3% of the nation’s wealth.

On the flipside, the share of wealth held by the bottom 90% of Americans fell since before the pandemic, to 30.2% from 30.5%.

In the Harris poll, 58% of Americans were resentful of wealth accumulation over this period, when others suffered from the financial fallout brought on by the sudden economic downturn.

Taxing the ultra-rich gains support

“Right now, the average billionaire — there are about 790 of them or so in America — has a federal tax rate of 8%,” Biden tweeted.

The Billionaire Minimum Income Tax would assess a 20% minimum tax rate on U.S. households worth more than $100 million. Over half the revenue could come from those worth more than $1 billion.

But despite growing public support for higher taxes on the ultra-wealthy, billionaire tax proposals have failed to gain traction.

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Business

What stock buybacks are, and how a new 1% tax affects your portfolio

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U.S. President Joe Biden gestures as he delivers remarks on the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 at the White House in Washington, July 28, 2022.

Elizabeth Frantz | Reuters

The new 1% excise tax on corporate stock buybacks — a late addition to President Joe Biden’s sweeping tax, health and climate package — adds a new levy to the controversial practice.

But there are mixed views on how it may affect investors.

The Inflation Reduction Act provision levies a 1% excise tax on the market value of net corporate shares repurchased starting in 2023.

How stock buybacks work

When a profitable public company has excess cash, it can purchase shares of its own stock on the public market or make an offer to shareholders, known as a stock buyback or share repurchase.  

It’s a way of returning cash to shareholders, explained Amy Arnott, portfolio strategist at Morningstar, and more widely used than dividends, a portion of company profits regularly sent back to investors.

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If overall shares are reduced, stock buybacks may also boost earnings per share, one method of measuring a company’s financial performance.

However, critics have argued buybacks often come with the new issuance of stock options for executives and other employees. Adding new shares can negate some, or all, of share reduction benefits for regular investors from buybacks.

‘Buyback monsters’ drive the trend

With low interest rates boosting profits and values, S&P 500 companies bought back a record $881.7 billion of their own stock in 2021, up from $519.8 billion in 2020, according to S&P Global data.

A significant percentage comes from a handful of so-called “buyback monsters,” with five companies — Apple, Google parent Alphabet, Facebook parent Meta, Microsoft and Bank of America — making up one-quarter of the dollar value of stock buybacks over the past year. 

How the 1% tax on stock buybacks may affect investors

While the full impact on the stock market isn’t yet known, experts have mixed opinions on how the provision may affect individual portfolios.

“I don’t think it should have a major impact on investors,” Arnott said. But at the margins, companies with excess cash may be “slightly more likely” to pay dividends than buy back shares, she said.

It’s estimated that a 1% tax on share repurchases may trigger a 1.5% increase in corporate dividend payouts, according to the Tax Policy Center.   

And increased dividends may have an unexpected impact, depending on where investors are holding these assets, said Alex Durante, federal tax economist at the Tax Foundation.

“People with taxable accounts may potentially be impacted,” he said.

Of course, the shift from buybacks to dividends may also change the expected tax revenue, Durante added.

The provision is expected to raise about $74 billion over the next decade, according to recent estimates from the Joint Committee on Taxation.

However, since the new law won’t kick in until Jan. 1, 2023, some experts predict companies will accelerate “tax-free” stock buybacks through 2022, especially with stock prices still well below previous values. 

General Motors on Friday announced it will resume and boost share repurchases to $5 billion, up from $3.3 billion previously left from the program. And Home Depot on Thursday announced a $15 billion share buyback program.

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Business

Millennials’ average net worth doubled during pandemic, report finds

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andresr | E+ | Getty Images

Covid-19 relief and record-low interest rates boosted many Americans’ finances during the pandemic. That has been especially true for millennials, who have on average built significant wealth.

Millennials, born between 1981 and 1996, have more than doubled their total net worth, reaching $9.38 trillion in the first quarter of 2022, up from $4.55 trillion two years prior, according to a MagnifyMoney report.

And millennials’ average net worth — defined as total assets minus total liabilities — also increased twofold during the same period, jumping to $127,793 from $62,758, the report found.

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However, the report finds the average millennial net worth still lags behind older generations, with Gen Xers and baby boomers reaching an average of $647,619 and $1,021,264, respectively.

Real estate more than a third of millennial wealth

With soaring home values over the past couple of years, it’s not surprising that real estate, including primary homes and other property, is more than one-third of millennials’ total assets. 

The median U.S. home sales price was $329,000 during the first quarter of 2020, and the number jumped to nearly $429,000 two years later, according to Federal Reserve data. 

However, millennials who recently bought homes may have significant debt, the report found. Nearly 63% of millennial debt is home mortgages, followed by almost 36% in consumer credit.

I would encourage millennials to focus more on their cash flow than net worth in this stage of their careers.

DJ Hunt

Senior financial advisor with Moisand Fitzgerald Tamayo

“I would encourage millennials to focus more on their cash flow than net worth in this stage of their careers,” said certified financial planner DJ Hunt, senior financial advisor with Moisand Fitzgerald Tamayo in Melbourne, Florida.

He said millennials may be “losing financial ground in the long run” if monthly mortgage payments prevent them from fully funding their retirement accounts.

Of course, the definition of a fully funded retirement account varies by individual, Hunt said.

While older millennials in their early 40s should aim to max out 401(k) contributions at $20,500 in 2022, younger workers should deposit enough to receive their company match, striving for up to 15% of gross income, he said.

Diversification is ‘name of the game’

Although owning and living in your home serves an important purpose, diversification is “the name of the game,” especially for younger investors with more time to build assets, said Eric Roberge, a CFP and CEO of Beyond Your Hammock in Boston.

If most of your wealth is home equity, it may be wise to focus on building retirement plans or a brokerage account, he said, suggesting 20% to 25% of gross income annually for long-term investments. 

“For many people, a diversified portfolio will likely provide higher returns in the long-term,” he said.

Applying for a home equity line of credit

Momo Productions | Digitalvision | Getty Images

If you’re sitting on wealth in your home, it may be worthwhile to apply for a home equity line of credit, or HELOC, allowing you to borrow from a pool of money over time, if needed. 

“It is always a good idea to have a HELOC in place if you have substantial equity in your home,” said Ted Haley, a CFP, president and CEO of Advanced Wealth Management in Portland, Oregon.

HELOCs are typically inexpensive to set up, with lower interest rates than credit cards, and there’s no added cost until you use it. While higher interest rates may impact how much and when to borrow, it’s still a “good idea” to have one, he said.

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