- China Hits US Defence Industry, Export Controls Tagret Metals Key To Advanced Radars On Jets & More CRUX
- China’s Export Curb on Chip-Making Metals Prompt Countries to Explore Supply-Chain Diversification The Wall Street Journal
- Will Beijing’s Export Curbs Escalate the US-China Chip War? | Vantage with Palki Sharma Firstpost
- Factbox-Where are germanium and gallium produced, what are they used for? By Reuters Investing.com
- China Latest: Xi Urges Open Supply Chains After Curb on Metal Exports Bloomberg Television
- View Full Coverage on Google News
Tag Archives: Metals
Over half a million silver coins just vanished – now the metals dealer behind the ‘fraudulent’ scheme must pay $146 million – Yahoo Finance
- Over half a million silver coins just vanished – now the metals dealer behind the ‘fraudulent’ scheme must pay $146 million Yahoo Finance
- US court orders $146m penalty over 500,000 missing silver coins BBC
- Silver coins, promised profits, and an empty vault: How a silver dealer’s slow theft of investors’ precious American Eagle coins ended in a $146m fine Fortune
- A precious metals scam ripped off silver buyers to the tune of $113 million Quartz
- Empty vault: Silver dealer to pay $146 million in case of 500,000 missing coins MarketWatch
- View Full Coverage on Google News
Meat bans and ‘un-Brexit’? One bank’s ‘outrageous’ 2023 predictions
Meat bans, soaring gold prices and Britain voting to ‘un–Brexit’ could be on the cards for 2023, according to Saxo’s Outrageous Predictions.
Bloomberg / Contributor / Getty Images
Saxo Bank’s “outrageous predictions” for 2023 include a ban on meat production, skyrocketing gold prices and Britain voting to “un-Brexit.”
The Danish bank’s annual report, published earlier this month, expects global economies to shift into “war economy” mode, “where sovereign economic gains and self-reliance trump globalisation.”
The forecasts, while not representative of the bank’s official views, looked at how decisions from policymakers next year could impact both the global economy and the political agenda.
Gold to hit $3,000
Among the bank’s “outrageous” calls for next year, Saxo Head of Commodity Strategy Ole Hansen predicted the price of spot gold could exceed $3,000 per ounce in 2023 – around 67% higher than its current price of about $1,797 per ounce.
The report puts its forecasted surge down to three factors: “an increasing war economy mentality” that makes gold more appealing than foreign reserves, a big investment in new national security priorities, and increasing global liquidity as policymakers try to avoid debt debacles in their respective recessions.
“I would not be surprised to see commodity driven economies wanting to go to gold because of a lack of better alternatives,” Steen Jakobsen, chief investment officer at Saxo, told CNBC’s “Squawk Box Europe” on Dec. 6.
“I think gold is going to fly,” he added.
While analysts are expecting an increase in the price of gold in 2023, a surge of that magnitude is unlikely, according to global commodities intelligence company CRU.
“Our price expectations are much more moderate,” Kirill Kirilenko, a senior analyst at CRU, told CNBC.
“A less hawkish Fed is likely to lead to a weaker USD, which could in turn give gold bulls more breathing space and energy to stage a rally next year, lifting prices closer to $1,900 per ounce,” he said.
Kirilenko highlighted, however, that it’s all dependent on moves by the Federal Reserve. “Any hint of increasing ‘hawkishness’ from the US central bank would likely pressure gold prices lower,” he said.
Britain will vote to un-Brexit
The “outrageous prediction” most likely to occur next year, according to Saxo’s Jakobsen, is for there to be another referendum on Brexit.
“I actually think it’s one of the things that will have a high probability,” he told CNBC.
Saxo Market Strategist Jessica Amir said British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and his Finance Minister Jeremy Hunt may take Conservative Party ratings to “unheard-of lows” as their “brutal fiscal programme throws the UK into a crushing recession.”
This, the bank forecasted, could prompt the English and Welsh public to rethink the Brexit vote, with younger voters leading the way, and force Sunak to call a general election.
Saxo predicts there could be another Brexit referendum on the cards for Britain.
NurPhoto / Contributor / Getty Images
Saxo’s Amir said the opposition Labour party may then win the election and promise a referendum to reverse Brexit for Nov. 1, with the “re-join” vote winning.
“Business people are saying the only thing they’ve gained from Brexit is U.K-specific GDPR,” Saxo’s Jakobsen told CNBC. “The rest is just increased red tape,” he said.
Anand Menon, director of the think tank UK in a changing Europe, said this prediction “just doesn’t compute.”
“I don’t think there will be another referendum and the idea that [Labour leader Keir] Starmer would adopt that position is for the birds,” he said.
Starmer told a business conference in September that his party would “make Brexit work.”
Public sentiment toward Brexit has changed since the referendum, Menon said, after the vote resulted in a slim majority of 52% of voters opting to leave the EU back in 2016.
“It’s absolutely the case that public opinion seems to be turning,” he said.
Research carried out by YouGov in November showed 59% of the 6,174 people surveyed thought Brexit had gone “fairly badly” or “very badly” since the end of 2020, while only 2% said it had gone “very well.”
Meat production to be banned
Meat is responsible for 57% of emissions from food production, according to research published by Nature Food, and with countries across the world having made net-zero commitments, Saxo says it is possible at least one country could cut out meat production entirely.
One nation “looking to front-run others” on its climate credentials may decide to heavily tax meat from 2025 and could ban all domestically produced live animal-sourced meat entirely by 2030, Saxo Market Strategist Charu Chanana said.
Meat is responsible for 57% of emissions from food production, according to research published by Nature Food.
Future Publishing / Contributor / Getty Images
“I wouldn’t be surprised to see schools in Denmark and Sweden banning meat altogether, it’s definitely going that way,” Saxo’s Jakobsen told CNBC. “It sounds crazy for us old people,” he added.
The U.K., countries in the European Union, Japan and Canada are among the nations with legally binding net-zero pledges.
The U.K’s Department for Environment Food and Rural Agriculture said there were “no plans” to introduce a meat tax or ban meat production when contacted by CNBC.
An eventful 2023?
Some of the other “outrageous predictions” for next year from Saxo include the resignation of French President Emmanuel Macron, Japan pegging the yen to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 200 and the formation of a united European Union military.
The predictions should all be taken with a pinch of salt, however. Saxo’s Jakobsen told CNBC that there was a 5-10% chance of each forecast coming true.
The bank has made a set of “outrageous predictions” each year for the last decade and some have actually come true — or at least come close.
In 2015, Saxo forecasted that the U.K. would vote to leave the European Union following a United Kingdom Independence Party landslide, it predicted Germany would enter a recession in 2019 – which the country narrowly avoided – and it wagered that bitcoin would experience a meteoric rally in 2017.
Heavy metals found in dark chocolate including Trader Joe’s and Hershey’s
Long viewed as healthier than other sweet treats, some brands of dark chocolate contain potentially dangerous amounts of heavy metals, according to research released on Thursday by Consumer Reports.
Scientists at the nonprofit advocacy organization recently measured the amount of heavy metals in 28 popular brands of dark chocolate bars and found cadmium and lead in all of them. For 23 of the bars, consuming just an ounce a day would put an adult over a level for at least one of the metals that could be harmful, CR said. Five of the bars were above those levels for both cadmium and lead.
Long-term exposure to even small amounts of heavy metals can lead to a slew of health issues, including developmental problems and brain development in young children, experts say.
“But there are risks for people of any age,” Tunde Akinleye, the CR food safety researcher who led the testing, said in a statement. Frequent exposure to lead in adults can lead to nervous system problems, hypertension, immune system suppression, kidney damage and reproductive issues, he noted.
While most of the chocolate bars tested contained concerning levels of lead, cadmium or both, five had relatively low levels of both metals, CR found.
“That shows it’s possible for companies to make products with lower amounts of heavy metals — and for consumers to find safer products that they enjoy,” Akinleye said.
In determining the risks for the chocolate it tested, CR used California’s maximum allowable dose level of 0.5 micrograms for lead and 4.1 micrograms for cadmium, as there are no federal limits.
CR found that an ounce of Hershey’s Special Dark Mildly Sweet Chocolate contained lead 265% above what California allows, and Trader Joe’s Dark Chocolate 72% Cacao holding 192% more.
Trader Joe’s didn’t respond to a request for comment.
A spokesperson for Hershey’s deferred to the National Confectioners Association for comment. In an emailed statement, the trade group objected to CR’s use of levels set by California, noting that the state does not set federal food safety standards.
“The products cited in this study are in compliance with strict quality and safety requirements,” a spokesperson for the group stated in an email to CBS MoneyWatch. “Food safety and product quality remain our highest priorities and we remain dedicated to being transparent and socially responsible.”
The confectioners association in August released research showing ways that lead and cadmium in chocolate could be reduced, including having cocoa farmers plant new tree stock.
The study was conducted in partnership with As You Sow as part of a settlement reached in 2018 between the shareholder advocacy nonprofit and 32 members of the trade group over a California law requiring businesses warn people about significant exposure to chemicals that cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm.
According to CR’s findings, the safer choices are:
- Mast Organic Dark Chocolate 80% Cocoa. CR found an ounce contained 14% less lead and 40% less cadmium than California’s allowable limits.
- Taza Chocolate Organic Deliciously Dark Chocolate 70% Cacao held 33% less lead and 74% less cadmium.
- Ghirardelli Intense Dark Chocolate 86% Cacao contained 36% less lead and 39% less cadmium.
- Ghirardelli Intense Dark Chocolate Twilight Delight. Lead contained was 61% below the allowable level and cadmium 96% below its allowable limit.
- Valrhona Abinao Dark Chocolate 85% Cacao. Lead 63% and cadmium 73% below.
A fresh look at metals reveals a ‘strange’ similarity
Our theoretical understanding of the way in which metals conduct electricity is incomplete. The current taxonomy appears to be too blurry and contains too many exceptions to be convincing. This is the conclusion that materials scientists from the University of Groningen reached after thoroughly examining the recent literature on metals. They analyzed more than 30 metals and show that a simple formula can provide a classification of metals in a more systematic manner. Their analysis was published in Physical Review B on 29 August.
Metals conduct electricity, but not all in the same way. Scientists differentiate several classes of metals with names such as “correlated,” “normal,” “strange,” or ‘”ad.” Metals in these classes differ, for instance, in the way that their resistivity responds to increasing temperatures. “We were interested in metals that could change from conductor to insulator and vice versa,” explains Beatriz Noheda, Professor of Functional Nanomaterials at the University of Groningen. She is the scientific director at the CogniGron research center, which develops materials-centered systems paradigms for cognitive computing. “For this purpose, we would like to make materials that can be not just insulators or conductors, but that can also change between those states.”
Something unexpected
When studying the literature on metal resistivity, she and her colleagues found that the demarcation between different classes of metals was not clear-cut. “So, we decided to have a look at a large sample of metals.” Qikai Guo—former postdoctoral researcher in Noheda’s team and now at the School of Microelectronics of Shandong University, China—and their colleagues from the University of Zaragoza (Spain) and CNRS (France) used the change in resistivity at increasing temperatures as a tool to compare more than 30 metals, partly based on literature data and partly based on their own measurements.
“The theory states that the resistivity response is dictated by the scattering of electrons and that there are different scattering mechanisms at different temperatures,” explains Noheda. For example, at very low temperatures, a quadratic increase is found, said to be the result of electron-electron scattering. Yet, some materials (“strange” metals) show a strict linear behavior that is not yet understood. Electron-phonon scattering was thought to take place at higher temperatures and this results in a linear increase. However, scattering cannot increase indefinitely, which means that saturation should occur at a certain temperature. “Yet, some metals show no saturation within the measurable temperature range and these were referred to as ‘bad’ metals,” says Noheda.
When analyzing the responses of the different types of metals to increasing temperatures, Noheda and her colleagues ran into something unexpected: “We could fit all the data sets with the same type of formula.” This turned out to be a Taylor expansion, in which the resistivity r is described as r = r0 + A1T + A2T2 + A3T3…, in which T is the temperature, while r0 and the various A values are different constants. “We found that using just a linear and a quadratic term is enough to produce a very good fit for all the metals,” explains Noheda.
More transparent
In the paper, it is shown that the behavior in different types of metals is determined by the relative importance of A1 and A2 and by the magnitude of r0. Noheda says, “Our formula is a purely mathematical description, without any physics assumptions, and depends on just two parameters.” This means that the linear and quadratic regimes do not describe different mechanisms, such as electron-phonon and electron-electron scattering, they just represent the linear (through incoherent dissipation, where the phase of the electron wave is changed by the scattering) and non-linear coherent (where the phase is unchanged) contributions to the scattering.
In this way, one formula can describe the resistivity for all metals—be they normal, correlated, bad, strange, or otherwise. The advantage is that all metals can now be classified in a simple manner that is more transparent for non-experts. But this description also brings another reward: It shows that the linear dissipation term at low temperatures (called Planckian dissipation) shows up in all metals. This universality is something that others had already hinted at, but this formula shows clearly that this is, indeed, the case.
Noheda and her colleagues are no metal specialists. “We came from outside the field, which meant that we had a fresh look at the data. What went wrong, in our opinion, is that people looked for meaning and linked mechanisms to the linear and quadratic terms. Perhaps, some of the conclusions extracted in this manner need to be revised. It is well-known that the theory in this field is incomplete.” Noheda and her colleagues hope that theoretical physicists will now find a way to re-interpret some of the previous results thanks to the formula that they found. “But in the meantime, our purely phenomenological description does allow us to compare metals from different classes.”
Exotic electron-electron interactions found unnecessary for conduction in nickelates
More information:
Qikai Guo et al, Phenomenological classification of metals based on resistivity, Physical Review B (2022). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.106.085141
Qikai Guo et al, Phenomenological classification of metals based on resistivity, Physical Review B (2022). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.106.085141
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University of Groningen
University of Groningen
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Prosecutors Say JPMorgan Traders Scammed Metals Markets by Spoofing
CHICAGO—
JPMorgan Chase
& Co.’s precious-metals traders consistently manipulated the gold and silver market over a period of seven years and lied about their conduct to regulators who investigated them, federal prosecutors said Friday.
The bank built a formidable franchise trading precious metals, but some of it was based on deception, prosecutors said at the start of a trial of two former traders and a co-worker who dealt with important hedge-fund clients. They said the traders engaged in a price-rigging strategy known as spoofing, which involved sending large, deceptive orders that fooled other traders about the state of supply and demand. The orders were often canceled before others could trade with them.
The criminal trial in Chicago is the climax of a seven-year Justice Department campaign to punish alleged spoofing in the futures markets. Prosecutors have alleged the former members of
JPMorgan’s
JPM -0.31%
precious-metals desk constituted a sort of criminal gang that carried out a yearslong conspiracy that racked up big profits for the bank.
“Day in, day out for seven years, the defendants manipulated the market so that they could make more money,” U.S. Justice Department prosecutor Lucy Jennings said. “And then they lied to cover it up.”
JPMorgan paid $920 million in 2020 to resolve regulatory and criminal charges over the conduct, which involved nine futures traders and at least two salespeople who dealt with clients such as hedge funds, according to court records. Three former traders cooperated with the Justice Department’s investigation and will testify against the three defendants: Gregg Smith and Michael Nowak, who traded precious metals; and Jeffrey Ruffo, who was their liaison to big hedge funds whose trades earned money for the bank.
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Attorneys for Messrs. Smith, Nowak and Ruffo told jurors Friday that prosecutors cherry-picked a handful of trades to concoct a misleading theory of how the men traded.
Mr. Smith canceled many orders but never used them as a ruse, defense attorney Jonathan Cogan said. He often canceled orders after he realized that high-speed trading firms, which made decisions faster than he could, jumped ahead of his orders and moved the price up or down, Mr. Cogan said.
“He did not place orders with the intent to manipulate the market, not during the snippets of time the prosecutors will focus on in this case—not ever,” Mr. Cogan said.
An attorney for Mr. Nowak, who led the precious-metals desk, said his client was a gold-options trader during the years under scrutiny. Mr. Nowak used futures mostly to limit the risk of his large options positions, attorney David Meister said, so his pay wasn’t linked to making more or less money on a futures trade.
“The stuff he’s charged with here couldn’t move the needle for Mike’s pay,” Mr. Meister said.
Mr. Smith had worked at Bear Stearns before joining JPMorgan in 2008 when the bank acquired Bear in a fire sale precipitated by the financial crisis. Mr. Nowak traded for JPMorgan in both London and New York. Mr. Ruffo worked at the bank for a decade, communicating with hedge funds that were brokerage clients and providing the desk with important market intelligence, according to prosecutors. All three have pleaded not guilty.
Prosecutors have alleged the pattern of spoofing was continuous, a claim that allowed them to charge the three men with racketeering in addition to conspiracy, attempted price manipulation, fraud, and spoofing. The conduct allegedly spanned from 2008 to 2016.
Racketeering is a charge typically reserved for criminal enterprises such as the mafia and violent gangs, although eight soybean-futures traders in Chicago were convicted of racketeering in a crackdown on cheating in the early 1990s.
U.S. District Judge Edmond E. Chang has reserved up to six weeks for the trial, although prosecutors said Friday that they could be finished presenting their case within two weeks. Judge Chang last year dismissed part of the case—several counts of bank fraud—against the defendants. Prosecutors also recently moved to drop allegations related to options trading that authorities claimed had been manipulative.
Prosecutors have alleged that JPMorgan employees already were spoofing when Mr. Smith got to the bank. They say Mr. Smith and another trader from Bear brought a new style of spoofing that was more aggressive than the simpler approach people at JPMorgan had been using, according to court records.
Spoofing became an important way to successfully execute trades for hedge-fund clients whose fees were critical to the trading desk, prosecutors said. “It was key to get the best prices for those clients, so that they keep coming back to the precious-metals desk at JPMorgan, and not another bank,” Ms. Jennings said.
Guy Petrillo, an attorney for Mr. Ruffo, said Friday his client was a reliable and honest salesman whose only role was to communicate with clients and pass their orders to traders such as Messrs. Smith and Nowak.
“There will be no reliable evidence that Jeff knew that traders were using trading tactics that he understood at the time were unlawful,” Mr. Petrillo said.
Federal prosecutors have honed a formula for going after spoofing defendants during their multiyear strike on the practice. In addition to using cooperating witnesses who said they knew the conduct was wrong, prosecutors have deployed trading charts and electronic chats to depict a sequence of trades intended to deceive others in the market. While the charts show a pattern of allegedly deceptive trading, prosecutors said the incriminating chats reveal the intent of the traders placing the orders.
Former traders at
Deutsche Bank AG
and
Bank of America Corp.
were convicted of spoofing-related crimes in 2020 and 2021, respectively.
Those trials featured chats in which some defendants boasted about spoofing.
Lawyers for Messrs. Smith, Nowak and Ruffo said there are no chats in which their clients talked about spoofing because the men didn’t engage in it.
Spoofing is a form of market manipulation outlawed by Congress in 2010. Spoofers send orders priced above or below the best prices, so they don’t immediately execute. Those orders create a false appearance of supply and demand, prosecutors say. The tactic is designed to move prices toward a level where the spoofer has placed another order he wants to trade. Once the bona fide order is filled, the spoofer cancels the deceptive orders, often causing prices to move back to where they were before the maneuver started.
Mr. Smith’s style of spoofing involved layering multiple deceptive orders at different prices and in rapid succession, according to the settlement agreement that JPMorgan struck with prosecutors two years ago. It was harder to pull off but also harder to detect, and other JPMorgan traders adopted his mode of trading, court records say.
In the earlier trials, prosecutors successfully defended their theory that spoofing constitutes a type of fraud. Some traders have argued spoofing doesn’t involve making false statements—usually a precondition for fraud—because electronic orders don’t convey any intent or promises.
The tactic can impose losses on those tricked by spoofing patterns. The government has portrayed some of Wall Street’s most sophisticated trading firms, such as Citadel Securities and Quantlab Financial, as the past victims of spoofers. In the latest trial, prosecutors also plan to call individual traders who traded for their own accounts and were harmed by spoofing.
Write to Dave Michaels at dave.michaels@wsj.com
Copyright ©2022 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 87990cbe856818d5eddac44c7b1cdeb8
Picasso‘s favorite pigment may one day recycle metals from your cell phone
Enlarge / A new method helps recover gold from E-waste at a higher rate than it can be extracted from fresh ore.
Reiko Matsushita/Shinta Watanabe
Gold and certain other precious metals are key ingredients in computer chips, including those used in consumer electronics such as smart phones. But it can be difficult to recover and recycle those metals from electronic waste. Japanese researchers have found that a pigment widely used by artists called Prussian blue can extract gold and platinum-group metals from e-waste much more efficiently than conventional bio-based absorbents, according to a recent paper published in the journal Scientific Reports.
“The amount of gold contained in one ton of mobile phones is 300-400 grams, which is much higher by 10-80 times than that in one ton of natural ore,” the authors wrote. “The other elements have a similar situation. Consequently, the recovery of those precious elements from e-wastes is much more effective and efficient when compared to their collections from natural ore.”
Prussian blue is the first modern synthetic pigment. Granted, there was once a pigment known as Egyptian blue used in ancient Egypt for millennia; the Romans called it caeruleum. But after the Roman empire collapsed, the pigment wasn’t used much, and eventually the secret to how it was made was lost. (Scientists have since figured out how to recreate the process.) So before Prussian blue was discovered, painters had to use indigo dye, smalt, or the pricey ultramarine made from lapis lazuli for deep blue hues.
It’s believed that Prussian blue was first synthesized by accident by a Berlin paint maker named Johann Jacob Diesbach around 1706. Diesbach was trying to make a red pigment, which involved mixing potash, ferric sulfate, and dried cochineal. But the potash he used was apparently tainted with blood—one presumes from a cut finger or similar minor injury. The ensuing reaction created a distinctive blue-hued iron ferrocyanide, and eventually came to be called Prussian blue (or Berlin blue).
The earliest known painting to employ Prussian blue is currently Pieter van den Werff’s Entombment of Christ (1709), but the recipe was published in 1734, and Prussian blue was soon widespread among artists. Hokusai’s famous artwork, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, is among the most famous works to use the pigment, along with Vincent van Gogh’s The Starry Night and many of the paintings from Pablo Picasso’s “Blue period.”
Enlarge / Pablo Picasso’s La Soupe (The Soup), from the artist’s Blue period, makes extensive use of Prussian blue.
The pigment has other uses. It’s often used to treat heavy metal poisoning from thallium or radioactive cesium because its lattice-like network structure—similar to a jungle gym—can trap metal ions from those metals and prevent them from being absorbed by the body. Prussian blue helped remove cesium from the soil around the Fukushima power plant after the 2011 tsunami. Prussian blue nanoparticles are used in some cosmetics and it’s used by pathologists as a stain to detect iron in, for example, bone marrow biopsy specimens.
So it’s a very useful substance, which is why the Japanese authors of this latest paper decided to explore other potential practical applications. They analyzed how Prussian blue uptakes multi-valent metals—like platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, molybdenum, osmium, and palladium, among others—using x-ray and ultraviolet spectroscopy. They were surprised at how well the pigment retained its jungle-gym structure while substituting iron ions in the framework—the secret to its impressive uptake efficiency compared to bio-based absorbents. That’s great news for e-waste recycling.
Prussian blue could also solve one of the challenges of disposing of nuclear waste, according to the authors. Current practice involves converting radioactive liquid waste into a glass-like state at a reprocessing plant, prior to disposal. But platinum-group metals can accumulate on the walls of the melters, eventually causing an uneven distribution of heat. So the melters must be flushed after each use, which in turn increases costs. Prussian blue could remove those deposits with no need for flushing the melters after every use.
DOI: Scientific Reports, 2022. 10.1038/s41598-022-08838-1 (About DOIs).
Study Finds Protein Structures That Could Be Responsible For The Origins of Life
The question of how life first sparked into existence on our planet is one we haven’t yet fully answered, but science is getting closer all the time – and a new study identifies the structures of the proteins that may well have made it happen.
To begin with, the team behind the study decided to start from the premise that life as we know it depends on collecting and using energy. In the primordial soup of ancient Earth, that energy would most likely have come from the skies, in the shape of radiation from the Sun, or from deep within Earth itself, as heat seeping through hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ancient seas.
On a molecular level, this energy use means the transfer of electrons, the fundamental chemical process which involves an electron moving from one atom or molecule to another. Electron transfer is at the very core of oxidation-reduction reactions (also known as redox reactions) that are vital to some of the basic functions of life.
Since metals are the best elements to carry out electron transfer, and the complex molecules called proteins are what drives most biological processes, the researchers decided to combine the two and search for proteins that bind metals.
A methodical, computational approach was used to compare metal-finding proteins, revealing certain common features that matched across all of them – irrespective of the protein functionality, the metal it binds to, or the organism involved.
“We saw that the metal-binding cores of existing proteins are indeed similar even though the proteins themselves may not be,” says microbiologist Yana Bromberg, from Rutgers University-New Brunswick in New Jersey.
“We also saw that these metal-binding cores are often made up of repeated substructures, kind of like Lego blocks. Curiously, these blocks were also found in other regions of the proteins, not just metal-binding cores, and in many other proteins that were not considered in our study.”
These shared features may well have been present and working in the earliest proteins, the researchers suggest, changing over time to become the proteins we see today – but keeping certain common structures.
The thinking is that soluble metals in the Archean Ocean that covered Earth thousands of millions of years ago could have been used to power the electron shuffling required for energy transfer and, in turn, biological life.
“Our observation suggests that rearrangements of these little building blocks may have had a single or a small number of common ancestors and given rise to the whole range of proteins and their functions that are currently available,” says Bromberg. “That is, to life as we know it.”
In particular, the team was able to identify evolutions in protein folds – the shapes adopted by proteins as they become biologically active – that may have produced the proteins we know today, almost like a molecular family tree project.
The study also concludes that biologically functional peptides, the smaller versions of proteins, may have predated the earliest proteins which go back as far as 3.8 billion years ago. This all adds to our understanding of how life first got started.
As always, any analysis of the beginnings of life on Earth can be important in looking for life on other planets too, where life might begin to evolve (or might have already evolved) along similar biological paths.
“We have very little information about how life arose on this planet, and our work contributes a previously unavailable explanation,” says Bromberg. “This explanation could also potentially contribute to our search for life on other planets and planetary bodies.
“Our finding of the specific structural building blocks is also possibly relevant for synthetic biology efforts, where scientists aim to construct specifically active proteins anew.”
The research has been published in Science Advances.
Bitcoin bull Mark Yusko sees trouble at $60,000, says it’s overbought
A bitcoin bull is on pullback watch.
Hedge fund manager Mark Yusko believes investors will take profits due to the cryptocurrency’s sharp rally over the last few weeks.
“There are a lot of people that think we could hit $100,000 by the end of the year. The stock to flow model says we should,” the Morgan Creek Capital Management CEO and CIO told CNBC’s “Trading Nation” on Friday. “I also wouldn’t be surprised of a little consolidation. Look, we’re up 40% this month which is only 15 days old.”
Bitcoin crossed the $60,000 mark for the for the first time since April on Friday. The bullish move came on excitement surrounding progress on bitcoin ETFs.
“We’re excited, obviously, that people are recognizing that approval is likely imminent,” said Yusko, who’s also managing partner of Morgan Creek Digital “We’ve been bullish on cryptocurrency, and bitcoin in particular, for a long time.”
Yet, he’s questioning the latest performance’s sustainability.
“A pause that refreshes given how overbought we are right now wouldn’t surprise me,” said Yusko. “There is some risk of the buy the rumor, sell the news.”
Bitcoin $250,000?
Any profit-taking would be temporary, according to Yusko. His call is for bitcoin to hit $250,000 in five years.
“It’s classic supply and demand. One of the nice things about bitcoin as an asset is it has a finite supply,” he said. “We know every day for the next 140 years how many bitcoin will be minted through the mining process.”
In five years, Yusko estimates bitcoin’s value by market cap will equal gold.
“I believe bitcoin has and is replacing gold. It’s now digital gold,” noted Yusko. “It’s a perfect store value.”
Part of his reasoning surrounds a long-term deflation prediction. It’s a scenario that’s rarely being talked about as the world copes with inflation spikes and a supply chain crisis.
Yusko contends upward prices pressures are a kneejerk reaction to the massive global Covid-19 economic lockdowns.
“The likelihood of us getting a full-on inflationary period, I think, is really, really low,” he said. “Normal is that we are in a deflationary death spiral. It’s been going on for a couple decades.”
He cites an aging population and the impact of massive virus aid measures as major catalysts.
“We have bad demographics, too many people reaching retirement age. We have too much debt,” Yusko said. “That all leads to deflation.”
Disclosure: Yusko owns bitcoin, etherium, gold and Coinbase shares.
Disclaimer
How heavy metals give spiders and other tiny animals their powerful bite
To latch onto a deer, ticks must first pierce a thick, furry hide. Leaf-cutter ants easily gnaw through tough tropical leaves. And scorpions use their tails to inject venom into prey several times larger than themselves.
Such marvels have long intrigued University of Oregon physicist Robert Schofield. How do these tiny creatures deliver such an outsized punch?
The answer, according to his new paper published in Scientific Reports, lies in the very atomic structure of their tools.
Scientists already knew that the mandibles, fangs, and stingers of several invertebrate species contain large amounts of heavy metals, such as zinc, copper, and manganese—up to 20 percent by weight in some species. But they didn’t know how the metals related to durable proteins that are also found in these invertebrates’ body parts. (Watch trap-jaw spiders snap their jaws at amazing speed.)
By analyzing the proteins and heavy metals at a molecular level, Schofield and colleagues learned that individual metal atoms are woven into the proteins to create a strong, long-lasting composite material, which they’ve dubbed heavy element biomaterials.
“It’s really cool that adding these metals makes for a more durable tool,” says Stephanie Crofts, a biologist at the College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts who wasn’t involved in the paper. “This study is a nice look at how this occurs across a range of organisms, and it may be more common than we think.”
It’s also likely, Crofts adds, that such heavy element biomaterials could inspire engineers creating new products, such as smaller mobile phones and more-robust medical devices.
Better than biominerals
Of course, animals have evolved another way to form a hardy natural material. Known as biomineralization, this widespread process occurs when proteins in an animal’s body wrap around large mineral crystals, such as in bones or some seashells. Bone is a powerful mix of mineral (mostly calcium carbonate) and proteins that provide the animal’s skeleton with necessary flexibility, stretching and squishing far beyond what either material could do on its own. (Learn more about the science of bone.)
But biomineralization has its limits: Consider seashells, which can easily break. “Creating something sharp with a biomineral would be like making a knife out of bricks,” says Schofield, who has been studying invertebrate jaws and claws since an ant crawled across his office floor in the late 1980s—the same office he occupies now.
Biominerals aren’t the answer for many invertebrates, because they need sharp, sturdy body parts that can withstand continual usage. A shattered stinger, for instance, would be a death sentence for a scorpion. So they found another way, Schofield says.
A powerful mix of metals and proteins
For his latest study, Schofield and colleagues from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Oregon State examined body parts of ants, spiders, scorpions, mollusks, and a type of marine worm. The team built miniature probes to test these parts’ mechanical properties and to dissect them atom by atom.
They found that heavy metals, such as zinc and manganese, were evenly distributed throughout an invertebrate’s body part, unlike the matter in bone and other biominerals. This atomic structure allows the body part to be sharper and undergo more wear and tear than if the proteins didn’t have the metals.
The heavy element biomaterials have another cost-saving benefit: An ant uses 60 percent less energy to cut through leaves than if it didn’t have this atomic structure, according to the team’s calculations. (Read about the Dracula ant, which can bite 5,000 times faster than the blink of an eye.)
Schofield still has many questions, such as whether these naturally tough materials evolved once or many separate times across different invertebrate groups, from crustaceans to centipedes.
Meanwhile, the discovery could create new potential for human tools, Crofts says.
For instance, engineers are always looking for better strategies to create objects that are small but don’t break easily, such as smartphones and wearable medical devices like insulin pumps.
Making tools with this same atomic arrangement of proteins and heavy metals could lead to products that are light, strong, and resistant to everyday handling, Crofts says—yet another example of how nature knows best.
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Leaf-cutter ants easily gnaw through tough tropical leaves. And scorpions use their tails to inject venom into prey several times larger than themselves."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html1","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Such marvels have long intrigued University of Oregon physicist Robert Schofield. How do these tiny creatures deliver such an outsized punch?"},"type":"p"},{"id":"html2","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The answer, according to his new paper published in Scientific Reports, lies in the very atomic structure of their tools."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html3","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Scientists already knew that the mandibles, fangs, and stingers of several invertebrate species contain large amounts of heavy metals, such as zinc, copper, and manganese—up to 20 percent by weight in some species. But they didn’t know how the metals related to durable proteins that are also found in these invertebrates’ body parts. (Watch trap-jaw spiders snap their jaws at amazing speed.)"},"type":"p"},{"id":"html4","cntnt":{"mrkup":"By analyzing the proteins and heavy metals at a molecular level, Schofield and colleagues learned that individual metal atoms are woven into the proteins to create a strong, long-lasting composite material, which they’ve dubbed heavy element biomaterials."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html5","cntnt":{"mrkup":"“It’s really cool that adding these metals makes for a more durable tool,” says Stephanie Crofts, a biologist at the College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts who wasn’t involved in the paper. “This study is a nice look at how this occurs across a range of organisms, and it may be more common than we think.”"},"type":"p"},{"id":"html6","cntnt":{"mrkup":"It's also likely, Crofts adds, that such heavy element biomaterials could inspire engineers creating new products, such as smaller mobile phones and more-robust medical devices."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html7","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Better than biominerals"},"type":"h2"},{"id":"html8","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Of course, animals have evolved another way to form a hardy natural material. Known as biomineralization, this widespread process occurs when proteins in an animal’s body wrap around large mineral crystals, such as in bones or some seashells. Bone is a powerful mix of mineral (mostly calcium carbonate) and proteins that provide the animal’s skeleton with necessary flexibility, stretching and squishing far beyond what either material could do on its own. (Learn more about the science of bone.)"},"type":"p"},{"id":"html9","cntnt":{"mrkup":"But biomineralization has its limits: Consider seashells, which can easily break. “Creating something sharp with a biomineral would be like making a knife out of bricks,” says Schofield, who has been studying invertebrate jaws and claws since an ant crawled across his office floor in the late 1980s—the same office he occupies now. 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A shattered stinger, for instance, would be a death sentence for a scorpion. So they found another way, Schofield says."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html11","cntnt":{"mrkup":"A powerful mix of metals and proteins"},"type":"h2"},{"id":"html12","cntnt":{"mrkup":"For his latest study, Schofield and colleagues from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Oregon State examined body parts of ants, spiders, scorpions, mollusks, and a type of marine worm. The team built miniature probes to test these parts’ mechanical properties and to dissect them atom by atom."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html13","cntnt":{"mrkup":"They found that heavy metals, such as zinc and manganese, were evenly distributed throughout an invertebrate’s body part, unlike the matter in bone and other biominerals. This atomic structure allows the body part to be sharper and undergo more wear and tear than if the proteins didn’t have the metals."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html14","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The heavy element biomaterials have another cost-saving benefit: An ant uses 60 percent less energy to cut through leaves than if it didn’t have this atomic structure, according to the team’s calculations. (Read about the Dracula ant, which can bite 5,000 times faster than the blink of an eye.)"},"type":"p"},{"id":"html15","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Schofield still has many questions, such as whether these naturally tough materials evolved once or many separate times across different invertebrate groups, from crustaceans to centipedes."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html16","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Meanwhile, the discovery could create new potential for human tools, Crofts says."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html17","cntnt":{"mrkup":"For instance, engineers are always looking for better strategies to create objects that are small but don’t break easily, such as smartphones and wearable medical devices like insulin pumps."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html18","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Making tools with this same atomic arrangement of proteins and heavy metals could lead to products that are light, strong, and resistant to everyday handling, Crofts says—yet another example of how nature knows best."},"type":"p"}],"cid":"drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:abb491db-8376-4e15-9cc3-62076c744d69","cntrbGrp":[{"contributors":[{"displayName":"Carrie Arnold"}],"title":"By","rl":"Writer"}],"mode":"richtext","dscrptn":"Elements such as zinc and copper mix with natural proteins to make durable stingers, claws, and jaws, a new study says.","enableAds":true,"endbug":true,"isMetered":true,"isUserAuthed":false,"ldMda":{"cmsType":"image","hasCopyright":true,"id":"4aa8372b-2f11-4206-8aba-ab032e3f3965","lines":3,"positionMetaBottom":true,"showMore":true,"caption":"A captive regal jumping spider shows off its iridescent fangs.","credit":"Photograph by Emanuele Biggi, Nature Picture Library","image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8b887df4-9134-4e00-a7e8-36ddf36e5563/naturepl_01594072.jpg","altText":"Picture of a black and green spider on a green leaf","crdt":"Photograph by Emanuele Biggi, Nature Picture Library","dsc":"Regal jumping spider (Phidippus regius) captive male with iridescent fangs. 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