Tag Archives: Lunar Gateway

NASA’s CAPSTONE Now Heading to the Moon

Conceptual image of CAPSTONE in orbit around the Moon.
Image: NASA

An important milestone has been reached in the newly launched CAPSTONE mission, as the tiny probe, moving in excess of 24,000 miles per hour, has escaped low Earth orbit and begun its four-month trek to the Moon.

CAPSTONE, short for Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment, bid farewell to low Earth orbit earlier this morning, according to NASA. The 55-pound (25 kilograms) cubesat is now journeying to the Moon, where it will enter into a near rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) on November 13.

This is the same orbit planned for the upcoming Lunar Gateway; the new mission meant to evaluate the suitability of NRHO on a smaller scale. Once built, and as part of NASA’s Artemis program, Lunar Gateway will be used to support a long term and sustainable human presence at and around the Moon.

CAPSTONE launched from New Zealand atop a Rocket Lab Electron rocket on June 28. The cubesat had been orbiting Earth while attached to Rocket Lab’s Photon upper stage. A total of seven maneuvers were performed over the course of six days, during which CAPSTONE’s orbit was steadily lifted. CAPSTONE eventually reached a maximum distance of 810,000 miles (1.3 million kilometers) from Earth, which is more than three times the Earth-Moon distance. Photon released its payload once the pair reached 24,500 miles per hour (39,500 km/hr)—the speed required for CAPSTONE to escape Earth orbit.

NASA’s CAPSTONE: Flying a New Path to the Moon

CAPSTONE is now on a ballistic lunar transfer trajectory to the Moon, a convoluted—but efficient—trajectory in which the probe will follow “dynamic gravitational contours in deep space,” as NASA explains:

Expending little energy, CAPSTONE will cruise along these contours punctuated by a series of planned trajectory correction maneuvers. At critical junctures, CAPSTONE’s team at Advanced Space’s mission operations center will command the spacecraft to fire its thrusters to adjust course. Terran Orbital Corporation in Irvine, California, designed and built CAPSTONE and developed novel technology that allows the spacecraft to execute maneuvers while maintaining control of the spacecraft on thrusters only.

When CAPSTONE catches up to the Moon, its approach will be perfectly aligned for NRHO insertion, the crux of its route. While going 3,800 miles per hour [6,116 km/hr], it will perform its delicate, precisely timed propulsive maneuver to enter orbit, like a flying trapeze artist who jumps from one arc to another with a decisive, acrobatic motion.

NRHO represents an ideal gravitational sweet spot for Lunar Gateway. Here, the pull of gravity from the Earth and Moon interact to enable a near-stable orbit, “allowing physics to do most of the work of keeping it in orbit around the Moon,” according to NASA. CAPSTONE will spend six months in NRHO, during which time it will travel to within 2,100 miles (3,400 km) of the Moon’s north pole on its near pass and 47,000 miles (76,000 km) from the south pole at its most distant.

In addition, CAPSTONE will test a navigational system in which the probe will measure its location relative to NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and without the benefit of ground stations on Earth.

More: Astronauts Can Suffer a Decade of Bone Loss During Months in Space.

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NASA to Launch CAPSTONE Mission on Monday June 27

A tiny satellite is poised to set the stage for something far grander: a full-blown lunar space station. NASA’s CAPSTONE satellite is scheduled to launch on Monday and then travel to a unique lunar orbit in a pathfinder mission for the Artemis program, which is seeking to return humans to the Moon later this decade.

CAPSTONE is hitching a ride on board Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket, which will take off from the private company’s Launch Complex 1 in Mahia, New Zealand. Rocket Lab made headlines in May by using a helicopter to catch a falling booster rocket. The CAPSTONE launch is scheduled for 6 a.m. ET on June 27 with live coverage starting an hour earlier. You can catch the action at the agency’s website or app, or you can watch it at the livefeed below.

NASA Live: Official Stream of NASA TV

Approximately one week into the CAPSTONE mission, the probe’s journey will be made available through NASA’s Eyes on the Solar System interactive real-time 3D data visualization.

The Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment (CAPSTONE) mission will send a microwave-sized satellite to a near rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) around the Moon. The satellite will be the first to cruise its way around this unique lunar orbit, testing it out for the planned Lunar Gateway, a small space station that is meant to allow for a sustained human presence on the Moon.

NRHO is special in that it’s where the pull of gravity from the Moon and Earth interact; this orbit will theoretically keep spacecraft in a “gravitational sweet spot” in a near-stable orbit around the Moon, according to NASA. NRHO is therefore ideal in that it will require less fuel than conventional orbits and it will allow the proposed lunar space station to maintain a constant line of communication with Earth. But before NASA builds out its Gateway in this highly elliptical orbit, the space agency will use CAPSTONE—owned and operated by Colorado-based Advanced Space—to test its orbital models.

Artist’s conception of CAPSTONE.
Gif: NASA/Daniel Rutter

Six days after launching from Earth, the Electron rocket’s upper stage will release the CAPSTONE satellite on its journey to the Moon. The 55-pound (25-kilogram) cubesat will then perform the rest of its four-month trip solo. Once at the Moon, CAPSTONE will test the orbital dynamics of its orbit for about six months. The satellite will also be used to test spacecraft-to-spacecraft navigation technology and one-way ranging capabilities that could eventually reduce the need for future spacecraft to communicate with mission controllers on Earth and wait to have signals relayed from other spacecraft.

NASA is methodically putting together the pieces for the agency’s planned return to the Moon. The fourth and most recent wet dress rehearsal of the space agency’s Space Launch System (SLS) went well, paving the way for a possible launch in late August.

More: This Tiny Moon-Bound Satellite Could Carve a Path For a Lunar Space Station

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United States Seeks to Land Japanese Astronaut on the Moon

Gateway, illustrated here, will serve as a crucial part of the upcoming Artemis missions.
Illustration: NASA

President Joe Biden and Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida further solidified their plans to send a Japanese astronaut to the upcoming lunar space station, while also affirming the possibility of having a Japanese astronaut walk on the Moon during future Artemis missions.

Biden and Kishida met in Tokyo on Monday to continue discussions around an Implementing Agreement that will potentially place a Japanese astronaut on the Gateway space station. The leaders also reaffirmed each country’s commitment to share data on climate change. The discussion around Gateway personnel is a part of ongoing conversations between the U.S. and Japan regarding NASA’s upcoming missions to the Moon.

Gateway is an integral component of NASA’s larger effort to return to the Moon, a series of upcoming missions known as the Artemis program. Once built, Gateway will serve as a Moon-orbiting outpost offering lunar-bound astronauts support for their visit. The lunar space station, in addition to serving as critical infrastructure for the Artemis missions, will also serve as a staging point for future crewed missions to Mars. The first pieces of the upcoming lunar station are set to launch no earlier than November 2024.

“In recent years, the alliance between Japan and the United States has grown stronger, deeper, and more capable as we work together to take on new challenges—just as important as the opportunities—of a rapidly changing world,” said President Biden in a NASA press release.

Japan and the U.S. are also interested in placing a Japanese astronaut on the surface of the Moon during a yet-to-be-determined Artemis mission, according to a White House fact sheet. NASA is looking to land astronauts on the lunar south pole by 2025, and Artemis will involve the first crewed Moon missions since Apollo 17 in 1972. NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said in the release: “Our shared ambition to see Japanese and American astronauts walk on the Moon together reflects our nations’ shared values to explore space responsibly and transparently for the benefit of humanity here on Earth.”

While the first pieces of Gateway are still a few years away from launch, having the U.S. and Japan team up is an opportunity to get more nations involved. The Artemis missions will be a global effort, and getting back to the Moon represents an exciting next step in space exploration and engineering.

More: This Tiny Moon-Bound Satellite Could Carve a Path For a Lunar Space Station.

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Inaugural Launch of NASA’s SLS Rocket Delayed to at Least August 2022

NASA’s SLS rocket as seen through the windows of Firing Room One in the Rocco A. Petrone Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center, Florida.
Photo: NASA/Joel Kowsky

NASA will attempt another countdown rehearsal of the Space Launch System in early June, but the space agency warned that multiple tests of its finicky rocket might be necessary.

SLS returned to the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on April 26, allowing technicians to swap out a faulty upper stage helium check valve and fix a small hydrogen leak on the tail service mast umbilical. These and other “nuisance” problems, as NASA describes them, prevented groundcrews from performing a fourth wet dress rehearsal, in which the rocket was to be fully loaded with super-cooled propellants and a full countdown practiced. NASA was hoping to perform the fourth test while the 322-foot-tall (98-meter) rocket was still standing on Launch Complex 39B, but it was not to be.

Speaking to reporters yesterday, NASA officials said they’ll try again to perform a full wet dress rehearsal in early or mid June. The added time will allow the team to resolve some lingering technical problems, perform additional checkouts of the rocket, and allow an off-site supplier of gaseous nitrogen to perform necessary upgrades of its pipeline system.

SLS is a key component of NASA’s upcoming Artemis program, which seeks to return U.S. astronauts to the dusty lunar surface for the first time in over 50 years. NASA also needs the megarocket to build its upcoming Lunar Gateway (a small space station in orbit around the Moon) and to enable future crewed trips to Mars. The SLS program has suffered from cost overruns and delays, with these latest setbacks adding insult to injury.

Assuming a successful rehearsal can be completed in June, the rocket will once again roll back to the Vehicle Assembly Building for final launch preparations and “some work that we’ve deferred to the other side of the wet dress,” as Jim Free, associate administrator for exploration systems development at NASA, explained during the media teleconference. Upcoming launch periods for the uncrewed Artemis 1 mission include July 26 to August 9 (Free said NASA is not considering the July portion of this period), August 23 to 29, and September 2 to 6. Somewhat ominously, Free said launch windows have been laid out for the rest of the calendar year but didn’t provide specific dates. NASA will wait for the results of the next wet dress to make a decision about when to launch.

Free, explaining that he wanted to be “realistic” and “upfront,” said “it may take more than one attempt” to conclude a wet dress and to “get the procedures where we need them for a smoother launch count that gives us the best chance to make our launch windows when we get to the launch day.” As this is the first time we’re hearing that multiple attempts might be necessary, and given the slew of problems encountered during the first three tests, I asked Free if the rocket is proving to be more complicated than NASA thought.

“SLS isn’t proving to be more complicated—we knew it was complicated,” he responded. A particular challenge, Free said, has been operating the new ground systems for the first time and seeing how they react. The team is “not going to take it for granted” that the next wet dress is “going to be great” based on what was experienced during the first three attempts, he said. A certain amount of realism is needed in the approach and the “team needs our support,” he added. This includes managing the team’s workload, who have “been going at it for quite a while now,” Free said. “This is really hard work.”

SLS should depart the Vehicle Assembly Building in late May, with the wet dress expected in early or late June. This is no guarantee, as technicians haven’t yet determined the source of rubber debris that prevented an upper stage check valve from operating during an earlier test. The umbilical hydrogen leak on the pad also needs to be repaired to the team’s satisfaction (the problem is being remedied with the periodic re-torquing of bolts), while the vendor of the gaseous nitrogen, Air Liquide, needs to demonstrate that it can deliver the gas to SLS as required, as Cliff Lanham, senior vehicle operations manager at NASA, told reporters.

On a positive note, NASA will have live commentary for the next SLS rehearsal, which hadn’t been done for the first three tests, apparently for security reasons.

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Canada Now Willing to Punish Crimes Committed on the Moon

Astronauts may now face criminal charges for crimes committed on the way to the Moon.
Photo: NASA/Bill Stafford

More than 50 years ago, Apollo astronauts left 96 bags of their own waste on the surface of the Moon. But they didn’t exactly fear getting hit with a fine for littering, as space—the Moon included—has been a largely lawless region. Canadian law makers are hoping to change that.

Canada amended its criminal code on Thursday to allow for the prosecution of crimes committed by Canadian astronauts during trips to the Moon or on the lunar surface itself. Foreign astronauts who threaten the life or security of a Canadian astronaut can also be punished by Canadian law, according to broadcaster CBC.

Canada’s criminal code had already included crimes committed by its astronauts aboard the International Space Station as punishable by law. But the recent amendment now accounts for the Canadian Space Agency’s participation in the upcoming Artemis program, through which NASA intends on sending people back to the Moon’s surface later this decade, and possibly as early as 2025.

The Artemis 2 mission, in which a crewed Orion capsule will travel to the Moon and back without landing, will include a Canadian astronaut. Canada is also contributing a robotic arm to the Lunar Gateway, a planned outpost in orbit around the Moon. The European Space Agency, as well as Japan’s Aerospace Exploration Agency, are also taking part in the Artemis program.

As these international collaborations take shape in the midst of an evolving industry, it has become more crucial to reconsider the laws currently in place when it comes to governing space. As it stands, space is loosely governed by the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which was penned in light of the space race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The treaty hasn’t been updated since, and article six of the Outer Space Treaty states that nations will supervise the activities of their citizens in space.

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Third Test of NASA Megarocket Foiled by Hydrogen Leak

NASA’s third attempt at a modified rehearsal of the Space Launch System (SLS) came to a halt on Thursday when a leak of liquid hydrogen was detected during tanking operations. The space agency is planning another wet dress rehearsal for the Moon rocket no earlier than April 21.

This is the latest in several setbacks to the rocket’s wet dress rehearsal, including delays due to weather, malfunctioning ventilation fans, and valve issues.

“All the issues that we’re encountering are procedural and lessons learned,” Mike Sarafin, Artemis mission manager, said during a press conference on Friday.

A wet dress rehearsal is when the 322-foot rocket is filled with fuel as it sits on top of a launch pad, and the team runs through a mock countdown to prepare for the day of launch. The rehearsal is critical for the launch of Artemis I, an uncrewed mission to the Moon and back, and the first step to returning humans to the Moon by the year 2026.

This wet dress rehearsal was first scheduled for April 1, but was initially delayed due to technical issues that prevented the crew from loading the rocket up with fuel. Before the next test date on April 11, the team discovered a faulty valve, which led them to modify the rehearsal and plan on only fueling the SLS core stage, and not its upper stage.

Thursday’s third attempt was unfortunately not the charm, as the team discovered a leak of liquid hydrogen from the tail service mast umbilical, which connects the base of the mobile launcher to the core stage. Liquid hydrogen is one of two propellants used for the rocket, the other being liquid oxygen.

By the time the wet dress rehearsal was shut down, about 49% of the tank was filled with liquid oxygen, and only 5% of the other tank was filled with liquid hydrogen. The team successfully managed to cool down the lines used to load propellant into the upper stage, but were not able to flow any propellant to the stage due an issue with a valve.

Still, the team behind the SLS rocket say they aren’t giving up. “There’s no doubt in my mind that we will finish this test campaign, and that we will look into the hardware and the data will lead us to the next steps,” Charlie Blackwell-Thompson, Artemis launch director, said during the teleconference. “We will launch this vehicle… and we will be ready to go fly.”

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NASA Says SLS Is ‘Fine’ After Disrupted Launch Rehearsal

NASA’s SLS rocket on Launch Pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Photo: NASA/Ben Smegelsky

A critical multi-day test of NASA’s Space Launch System was called off on Monday due to an issue with a cryogenic propellant pressure vent valve. The space agency seeks to resume the wet dress rehearsal in the near future, saying there’s nothing fundamentally wrong with the gigantic rocket.

Space is hard, as the saying goes, and that’s certainly true when it comes to preparing a never-flown rocket for a mission to the Moon and back. NASA is currently fitting its much-anticipated SLS rocket for launch at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, but the wet dress rehearsal failed to reach the finish line. The rocket was to be fully prepped—including tanks topped with super-cold propellant and the countdown started—but not launched.

“The mega Moon rocket is fine. We’re working to get it into a launch position,” Tom Whitmeyer, deputy associate administrator for Common Exploration Systems Development at NASA, told reporters yesterday during a media teleconference. “We’re just going to have to work our way through it,” he said, adding that the ground teams are “doing a really good job.”

This work is being done in preparation for the uncrewed Artemis 1 mission, the inaugural flight of SLS. The next-gen rocket is a critical component of the Artemis program, which seeks to land a man and woman on the Moon later this decade. NASA is currently targeting a June launch, but that will depend on the results of the yet-to-be completed wet dress rehearsal.

The space agency halted the test on Monday after ground teams were unable to proceed with the loading of cryogenic liquid hydrogen propellant. The problem was eventually traced to a manual vent valve that was left in the closed position, an unfortunate configuration that couldn’t be remedied remotely. In a statement, NASA said “the valve positioning has since been corrected.” The team did manage to load approximately 50% of the required cryogenic liquid oxygen propellant into the core stage, which was subsequently drained.

The misconfigured vent valve, located on the 160 level of the mobile launcher, was hardly the only problem faced by ground teams during the rehearsal, which got underway on Friday, April 1. Four lightning bolts struck the launch pad on Saturday, resulting in a slight delay, but the test came to full stop on Sunday when two fans, which are designed to ventilate the rocket’s 370-foot-tall (113-meter) mobile launcher, glitched out.

Despite this and another problem having to do with the third-party supplier of gaseous nitrogen, NASA resumed the wet dress on Monday. But again, new problems appeared, including a temperature limit issue for the cryogenic liquid oxygen, causing a delay of several hours. Resolved, the rehearsal continued, but the vent valve problem forced the launch director to call it a day at 5:00 p.m. EDT on Monday.

NASA is now preparing for the next wet dress attempt, but it’s stepping aside to allow for the launch of the Axiom Space Ax-1 mission, which is set to blast off from Kennedy Space Center on Friday morning. A date for the resumption of the launch rehearsal hasn’t been announced, but NASA officials said it’ll happen soon. The fully integrated rocket, with the Orion capsule up top, continues to stand on launch pad 39B.

Whitmeyer brushed off the less-than-ideal launch rehearsal, saying the ground teams learned “a couple things” from this “highly choreographed dance” that simply need to be cleaned up. “Sometimes you run into something that you weren’t really expecting,” he told reporters, comparing it to puzzle pieces that don’t quite fit. The “vehicle is doing pretty good,” said Whitmeyer, adding that similar issues were encountered during the SLS Green Run tests at NASA’s Stennis Space Center and during the development of the Space Shuttle.

At the press conference, Mike Sarafin, Artemis mission manager, said the teams have detected “no fundamental design flaws or issues” with the rocket and the problems experienced are best characterized as “nuisance” or “technical issues” that couldn’t be detected during prior testing.

“By putting it all together, you learn where the uncertainties are, and we’re working our way through that,” Sarafin said. “Sometimes you learn that a full system is slightly different than the subscale, but there are no major issues to overcome.” Most of the problems are small or procedural in nature, he said, such as slight adjustments to timing or limits, but “in terms of the rocket, the hardware is fine, the spacecraft is fine—we just gotta get through the test and the test objectives,” he said.

“It was a significant day for us. Our team accomplished quite a bit,” Charlie Blackwell-Thompson, Artemis launch director at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, told reporters. Indeed, while it’s tempting to focus on the negatives, the team did manage to cross many items off their substantial checklist. These included the configuring of Launch Pad 39B and the mobile launcher, powering up Orion and the rocket in launch configuration, checkouts of the guidance, navigation, and control system, and the draining of propellant after the test, among others.

No date has been set for Artemis 1 or the resumption of the wet dress, but the good news is that the rehearsal won’t have to start from scratch. The clock is currently on hold, and the launch system remains in an ideal configuration, NASA officials said. The main priority moving forward will be to finally fill the core and second stage with cryogenic propellants and stop the countdown at T-10 seconds. When asked if SLS will still launch in June, Sarafin said: “We’re not giving up on it yet.”

Have a tip or comment for me about the spaceflight industry? Reach me at george.dvorsky@gizmodo.com.

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Why NASA Will Be Keeping Many Details of This Weekend’s Megarocket Test Secret

SLS on the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Photo: NASA/Ben Smegelsky

A critical test of NASA’s upcoming Space Launch System rocket starts this Friday, but the live broadcast of the wet dress rehearsal promises to be a dull and silent affair owing to security concerns. We live in uncertain times, no question, but some experts say this muzzling is over the top and unhelpful.

It’s been nearly two weeks since SLS rolled out to launch pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The 322-foot-tall rocket, after tons of anticipation, is nearly ready for prime time. All that’s needed now is a successful wet dress rehearsal, in which propellant will be loaded into the launcher’s tanks and a countdown rehearsed by the launch team.

“It’s the last design verification prior to launch,” Tom Whitmeyer, deputy associate administrator for common exploration systems development at NASA, said today at a media teleconference. “We could learn something,” he said, but ultimately the goal is to “make it through the count” and see how SLS performs during an actual test. The team will then evaluate the data and, assuming everything’s fine, announce a date for the inaugural launch of SLS—the Artemis 1 mission—during the week of April 11.

The wet dress rehearsal is scheduled to start on Friday, April 1 at 5:00 p.m. EDT and end with the draining of the tanks on Sunday, April 3 at roughly 4:30 p.m. EDT. NASA will broadcast the entire test at the Kennedy Newsroom YouTube channel, but “without audio or commentary,” according to a press release. And as Whitmeyer explained at the media conference, reporters won’t have the usual access to detailed countdown info.

That’s a surprise, to say the least. A lot goes on during wet dress rehearsals, but this time around we won’t get to follow along in real-time. NASA says some details will be made available on its social media platforms, including the Artemis blog, but the extent to which it will share information is unknown.

The reason for the hush-hush has to do with International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) concerns having to do with the sharing, or “exporting,” of sensitive information. In the case of SLS, Whitmeyer said America’s rivals could deduce cryogenic timing information to assist in the development of ballistic missile systems. Accordingly, NASA will be “avoiding any specific timing, flow, or other types of things that would inadvertently give an indication towards specific characteristics of the operations that we’re going through.”

Whitmeyer added that NASA is being extra cautious given “the environment we’re in nowadays,” and said that the space agency can’t risk the disclosure of sensitive information. He’s likely referring to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and recent weapons tests in North Korea.

Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, isn’t convinced an ITAR-enforced silence during the SLS wet dress rehearsal will do any good.

“The problem with any such security mandate is that it is typically not being enforced by the people who have the necessary technical understanding to know what is actually helpful to others,” such as China, for example, or “what wouldn’t be helpful,” he told me in an email. “And so, it gets enforced wildly over-enthusiastically, to the point that the degree to which it impedes free communication is more harmful than any risk that it protects against.”

Whitmeyer said journalists will be provided with a general countdown timeline later this week and that a post-test media teleconference will take place on Monday, April 4.

As for the (eventual) Artemis 1 mission, Whitmeyer is hopeful that NASA will “provide the normal calls” during the real launch. That would be grand, but it’s clear we no longer live in “normal” times.

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NASA Prepares to Roll SLS Megarocket to Launch Pad

NASA’s Space Launch System rocket inside the Vehicle Assembly Building.
Photo: NASA

NASA is poised to take a major step forward this week as it readies the Space Launch System for its inaugural launch and the official start of the Artemis era.

Speaking to reporters yesterday at a media teleconference, NASA said it has completed its final reviews and—at long last—SLS is finally ready for the launch pad. Charlie Blackwell-Thompson, Artemis launch director at NASA, said “we are in very good shape and ready to proceed with this roll on Thursday evening,” UPI reports. To which she added: “It’s going to be just a wonderful, wonderful sight when we see that amazing Artemis vehicle cross the threshold of the [Vehicle Assembly Building] and we see it outside of that building for the very first time.”

Weighing 5.75 million pounds, the fully stacked rocket—along with the Orion capsule nestled up top—will depart NASA’s Vehicle Assembly Building at 5:00 p.m. EDT on March 17. The 4-mile (6.4-kilometer) journey will take anywhere from six to 12 hours to complete, as NASA’s Crawler-Transporter 2, moving at less than 1 mile per hour, will slowly deliver the rocket to Launch Pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

The rocket’s arrival at the launch site will set the stage for the critically important wet dress rehearsal, during which time the rocket will be loaded with propellants and a practice countdown conducted and stopped just prior to ignition. The wet dress is currently scheduled for April 3.

According to SpaceNews, NASA expects that it will take over eight hours to load SLS with the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants, whereas it took 2.5 hours to load the Space Shuttle, which used similar components. There are two reasons for this, as Blackwell-Thompson explained; first, “it’s a big ol’ stage,” she said during the teleconference, and secondly, SLS has an upper stage that requires fueling, and the loading process for this rocket must be staggered.

Upon completion of the wet dress rehearsal, the tanks will be drained and the rocket will return to the Vehicle Assembly Building for further tests and tweaks. NASA has yet to announce a date for the first launch of SLS, but during a briefing on February 24, the agency mentioned a launch window that opens on May 7 and closes on May 21. The inaugural launch represents the Artemis 1 mission, the first in the new Artemis lunar program that will eventually see humans land on the Moon again. That Artemis 1 might happen in June or July is not out of the question. NASA will be in a better position to announce the date of the launch upon completion of the wet dress; as Tom Whitmeyer, NASA’s associate administrator for exploration systems development, said during the teleconference, SLS is “a highly complicated vehicle and very complicated machine.”

At launch, the rocket’s quartet of RS-25 engines will provide 8.8 million pounds of thrust, which is 15% more than NASA’s Saturn V rocket from the Apollo era. As a fun aside, SLS will be the tallest rocket on a NASA launch pad since the Apollo 17 mission.

SLS is a much-delayed project, so this is all welcome news. For the Artemis 1 mission, an uncrewed Orion capsule will travel to an orbit 40,000 miles beyond the Moon and return to Earth, without reaching the lunar surface. Artemis 2, scheduled for May 2024, will be a repeat, except it will carry a human crew. Artemis 3, which could happen as early as 2025, is the big prize: That’s when two NASA astronauts—a man and a woman—will walk on the Moon.

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NASA Outlines Final Steps Before Launch of Artemis 1, First in New Lunar Program

In a press conference Thursday, NASA described the final steps in anticipation of the Artemis 1 uncrewed test flight, which set to occur this spring. The immediate focus is on a “wet dress rehearsal” of the Orion spacecraft that is scheduled for mid-March. Eventually, the Artemis program aims to put humans on the Moon for the first time this century.

The next test will involve rolling the Orion spacecraft and the giant Space Launch System rocket out to the launchpad at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. Once in place, the rocket stage will be filled with fuel and the NASA team will test its countdown, stopping just short of the big T-minus zero. NASA has been testing and retesting these elements for years, including splashdown tests of Orion for its return to Earth. Earlier this week, NASA announced that engine tests of SLS had gone well after a mishap late last year.

“The crawler-transporter will transport… an over 17-million-pound stack to launch complex 39B,” Mike Bolger, exploration ground system program manager at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, said in the press conference. “The top of the umbilical tower will be over 400 feet off the ground when it’s riding on top of the crawler-transporter, so it’s really going to be a sight.”

The transport will tentatively begin at 6:00 p.m. EST on March 17, Bolger said. Ordinarily, these procedures (called “rollout”) would kickoff at midnight, but the NASA team wanted more people to be able to experience the gargantuan task in real time.

NASA workers will remove 20 large platforms—10 on either side of the rocket, each as large as a basketball court—before the transport. The platforms allow engineers access to different parts of the spacecraft.

The crawler-transporter truly crawls along the ground; its speed will vary from 0.1 miles per hour to 0.82 miles per hour. It will take the transporter over 11 hours to traverse less than 5 miles to the launchpad.

Once SLS and Orion are at the pad, the wet dress rehearsal will take place. The rocket will be filled with propellant—liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen—and the team will do a countdown, though they will scrub before launch. Then, the team will detank and leave the vehicle on the pad.

Uncertainty remains about the date of Artemis 1, the test flight. “We continue to evaluate the May window, but we’re also recognizing that there’s a lot of work in front of us and we need to get through that testing,” said Tom Whitmeyer, the deputy associate administrator for exploration systems development at NASA.

While it’s a little frustrating not to know the big day, NASA’s hesitancy is well-founded. Deadlines have a bad habit of getting pushed back in spaceflight; the inaugural launch of SLS was most recently planned for February 12, 2022. So for now, we’ll have to keep our eyes on the wet dress rehearsal next month.

The Artemis program is a series of missions leading up to a crewed Moon landing. The missions are intended to include some historic firsts, including the first woman and person of color on the Moon, and have a slew of scientific goals. But before the first crewed mission, Artemis 2, the uncrewed Artemis 1 will need to make it past the Moon and back.

More: Congressional Watchdog Skeptical of NASA’s Plan to Return Astronauts to the Moon by 2024

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