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Goldman Sachs Cut CEO David Solomon’s Pay to $25 Million in 2022

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Goldman Sachs Group Inc.

GS 0.07%

Chief Executive

David Solomon

took a nearly 30% pay cut in 2022.

Mr. Solomon received $25 million in total compensation last year, down from $35 million in 2021. His 2022 pay package consisted of a $2 million base salary, a cash bonus of $6.9 million and a $16.1 million stock award that is tied to how well the bank performs in the next few years, Goldman said in a regulatory filing.

Mr. Solomon’s 2022 compensation reflects the bank’s performance compared with 2021, Goldman said in the filing. Profit fell 48% last year, and revenue declined 20%, largely due to a slowdown in corporate deal-making that had previously fueled blockbuster earnings. Still, Goldman shares outperformed the KBW Nasdaq Bank Index and the broader S&P 500 last year. 

In 2021, the bank’s shares were soaring and the bank was minting money in a merger boom that kept its high-price bankers busy. 

Goldman doubled Mr. Solomon’s pay that year, an acknowledgment of the bank’s record profits and following a year when he was penalized for the firm’s involvement in the 1MDB corruption scandal. The bank also awarded Mr. Solomon a one-time stock award of about $30 million that year, citing “the rapidly increasing war for talent in the current environment.”

Late last year, Mr. Solomon engineered a restructuring of Goldman’s businesses meant to spotlight steadier businesses like asset and wealth management, taking some of the focus off its more volatile Wall Street operations. 

He’s also paring back the bank’s consumer-facing Marcus operations and has admitted that Goldman’s attempts to do too much there contributed to missteps. The bank’s newly created Platform Solutions division, which houses credit cards and other pieces of the consumer business, lost about $2 billion on a pretax basis in 2022. 

Mr. Solomon has moved to cut costs at Goldman. The bank laid off some 3,000 employees this month and slashed bonuses for many bankers by up to 40%. 

Goldman’s compensation committee also considered the bank’s “continued progress in its strategic evolution as well as Mr. Solomon’s strong individual performance and effective leadership,” according to the filing. 

Mr. Solomon’s pay fell more than his Wall Street counterparts. 

Morgan Stanley

paid Chief Executive James Gorman $31.5 million for his work in 2022, a 10% pay cut from the year before.

 JPMorgan Chase

& Co. awarded CEO Jamie Dimon $34.5 million in 2022 compensation, in line with a year earlier.

Wells Fargo

& Co. CEO Charles Scharf’s 2022 pay also stayed flat at $24.5 million in 2022.

Write to AnnaMaria Andriotis at annamaria.andriotis@wsj.com

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Business

Goldman Sachs Lost $3 Billion on Consumer Lending Push

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Goldman Sachs Group Inc.

GS 1.10%

said a big chunk of its consumer lending business has lost about $3 billion since 2020, revealing for the first time the costly toll of the Wall Street giant’s Main Street push. 

Ahead of fourth-quarter earnings next week, Goldman released financial information that reflects its new reporting structure. The bank in October announced a sweeping reorganization that combined its flagship investment-banking and trading businesses into one unit, while merging asset and wealth management into another.

Marcus, Goldman’s consumer-banking arm, launched in 2016 to a strong start.

Rivals

JPMorgan Chase

& Co. and

Bank of America Corp.

were posting big profits on the back of strong consumer businesses that carried them through rocky stretches in their Wall Street operations. Goldman, long reliant on its gold-plated investment banking and trading arms, wanted in on the action.

The bank rolled out savings accounts, personal loans and credit cards. Its 2019 credit-card partnership with

Apple Inc.

signaled its ambitions to be a big player in the business.

Goldman invested billions of dollars in Marcus. But it struggled to bulk up the credit-card business following an early win with the Apple Card. A long-awaited checking account never materialized.

Economists and financial analysts look at bank earnings to get a sense of the economy’s health. WSJ’s Telis Demos explains how inflation as well as recession concerns can be reflected in their results. Illustration: Lorie Hirose

The consumer unit was never profitable. In October, Goldman formally scaled back its plan to bank the masses.

The reshuffling parceled out the consumer business to different parts of the bank.

Before the shift, it was under the same umbrella as Goldman’s wealth-management division. 

Much of Marcus will be folded into Goldman’s new asset and wealth management unit. Some pieces, including its credit-card partnerships with Apple and

General Motors Co.

, as well as specialty lender GreenSky, are moving into a new unit called Platform Solutions.

Goldman on Friday disclosed that its Platform Solutions unit lost $1.2 billion on a pretax basis in the nine months that ended in September 2022. It lost slightly more than $1 billion in 2021 and $783 million in 2020, after accounting for operating expenses and money set aside to cover possible losses on loans. The unit also includes transaction banking, with services such as enabling banks to send payments to each other, vendors and elsewhere.

Goldman shares closed up about 1% Friday at $374.

The bank said it set aside $942 million during the first nine months of 2022 for credit losses in Platform Solutions, up 35% from full-year 2021. Operating expenses for the division increased 27% during this period. After hovering around record lows for much of the pandemic, consumer delinquencies are rising across the industry.

Net revenue for Platform Solutions’ consumer platforms segment, which reflects credit cards and GreenSky, totaled $743 million during the first nine months of 2022, up 75% from all of 2021 and up 295% from 2020. Goldman completed its acquisition of GreenSky last year. 

The disclosure didn’t reveal financial details for Goldman’s consumer deposit accounts, personal loans and other parts of Marcus. Those business lines are included in the firm’s asset and wealth management division, which is profitable, and aren’t material to the firm’s overall profits, according to people familiar with the matter. 

Goldman is in the process of winding down personal loans, according to people familiar with the matter. It will be ending its checking account pilot for employees, one of the people said, while it considers other ways to offer the product. One possible option is pitching the checking account to workplace and personal-wealth clients.

As recently as the summer, Goldman executives were saying the checking account would unlock new business opportunities for the bank. 

Marcus has been a divisive topic at Goldman. Some partners, senior executives and investors were against continuing to pour billions of dollars into the effort, in particular for checking accounts and other products that Goldman would be developing on its own.

Write to AnnaMaria Andriotis at annamaria.andriotis@wsj.com and Charley Grant at charles.grant@wsj.com

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Business

Avaya’s Collapsing Debt Deal Hits Clients of Goldman, JPMorgan

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The two banks sold new loans and bonds for Avaya, a cloud-communications company, in late June. Investors included Brigade Capital Management LP and Symphony Asset Management LLC, people familiar with the matter said.

A few weeks later, Avaya announced that it would miss by more than 60% its previous forecasts for adjusted earnings in the third quarter, which ended June 30. It gave no explanation. The company also said that it would miss revenue targets and announced it was removing its chief executive officer.

Prices of the newly issued debt plummeted, hitting investors who lent Avaya the money with paper losses exceeding $100 million, according to analyst commentary and data from MarketAxess and Advantage Data Inc.

Avaya said Tuesday that it “has determined that there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.” It also said that the audit committee of the board of directors had opened an internal investigation “to review the circumstances surrounding” the most recent quarter. The committee is also investigating a whistleblower letter, but it didn’t give details.

Avaya also tapped law firm Kirkland & Ellis LLP and turnaround adviser AlixPartners LLP as it considers its options, The Wall Street Journal reported Tuesday.

New CEO

Alan Masarek

held an abbreviated conference call Tuesday to discuss third-quarter earnings and declined to take questions from Wall Street analysts. Mr. Masarek attributed Avaya’s poor performance in part to clients signing up for smaller and shorter software subscription contracts than expected, potentially out of fear about the company’s debt load.

“I understand very clearly that there is disappointment, there’s worry, there’s concern out there across effectively all Avaya stakeholders,” Mr. Masarek said. “I’m going to thank you in advance for your patience… Give us some time to demonstrate a better future.”

Avaya’s 6.125% bond due 2028 fell as low as 48.50 cents on the dollar after the presentation, down from a close of 56.25 cents on Monday, according to data from MarketAxess.

Some analysts were already skeptical of Avaya’s financial forecasts.

“Why [are] your projections always faltering when you report quarterly results? Why can’t you have a stable outlook?” asked

Hamed Khorsand,

an analyst at BWS Financial, after the company’s last quarterly earnings report in May. Avaya undershot that quarter’s adjusted-earnings targets by about 10%.

Avaya’s former CEO Jim Chirico, applauding at the company’s stock listing in 2018, was removed last month.



Photo:

Richard Drew/Associated Press

Then-CEO

Jim Chirico

attributed the fumble to Avaya’s adoption of a new sales strategy that forced the company to recognize revenue more slowly. “We believe we’re over that hurdle,” he said at the time.

Avaya emerged as a telecommunications-equipment supplier to corporations in 2000, when it spun out of Lucent Technologies. Private-equity firms TPG and Silver Lake Partners bought the company in 2007, but it struggled to transition from selling hardware to selling software, and with servicing debt from the buyout. The company filed for bankruptcy protection a decade later before reorganizing. Mr. Chirico took the helm in 2017 and shifted to developing cloud-based software for enterprises.

“Avaya squandered a lot of money and time and has little to show for it,” independent enterprise communications analyst Dave Michels wrote in a recent report. “Many of us have wondered why the board didn’t act sooner—years sooner.”

A spokeswoman for Avaya declined to comment on analysts’ critiques.

The financial crunch hit this spring when Avaya’s cash reserves shrank to $324 million—down from almost $600 million a year earlier, according to company filings. The company tried to raise new debt to refinance a $350 million convertible bond that was coming due in 2023, according to company filings.

Goldman initially proposed a $500 million loan with a 12.6% yield but found few buyers, according to data provider LevFin Insights. The bank ultimately placed a $350 million secured loan yielding 15.5% with investors. Lenders included Symphony, which has invested in Avaya since before its bankruptcy, the people familiar with the matter said.

Avaya approached JPMorgan in late June to raise additional funds, according to one of the people. The bank placed a $250 million secured convertible bond. Investors included Brigade, the people said.

During the marketing process, Avaya executives told lenders that the company was on track to hit its earnings guidance, some of the people familiar with the matter said.

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The company had set Ebitda guidance of about $145 million for the quarter ended June 30 but cut that to between $50 million and $55 million on July 28. (Ebitda refers to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.) Avaya reported $54 million of Ebitda for the quarter on Tuesday, a figure that barely covers the quarterly interest expenses it disclosed in recent earnings reports.

“It is a surprising outcome for a company that priced $600 million of fresh capital…just four weeks ago,” said

Lance Vitanza,

a stock analyst at Cowen Inc. “It may be too late to accomplish much without radically restructuring Avaya’s balance sheet.”

The newly issued loans were quoted around 65 cents on the dollar Tuesday, down from 87 cents in late July, according to Advantage Data. The new convertible bond is likely to trade at similar prices in the near future, Mr. Vitanza said.

Losses have been heavier for owners of Avaya stock, which fell to as low as 82 cents last week from around $2.50 in early July and about $10 at the start of May. Avaya shares fell 46% Tuesday to 61 cents.

Alexander Gladstone and Andrew Scurria contributed to this article.

Write to Matt Wirz at matthieu.wirz@wsj.com

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Business

Madcap Markets Push Goldman Sachs To Higher Trading Revenue, but Profit Falls

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Goldman Sachs Group Inc.

GS 2.51%

said Monday that second-quarter earnings fell 47%, capping an earnings season where weak and volatile markets crimped investment banking revenue across the industry but boosted trading.

But what was bad for investment bankers was good for traders. Widespread volatility meant investors placed more trades across a variety of asset classes, and banks took advantage. At Goldman, second-quarter trading revenue rose 32% to $6.5 billion. The other banks also reported big increases in trading revenue.

However, all the major U.S. banks reported double-digit declines in profit, and most of them missed analysts’ expectations. Year-ago results were juiced by reserve releases across the industry, when the banks let go of some of the money they had socked away for pandemic losses.

This year so far has marked a comedown from what had been near-perfect conditions for Wall Street at the height of the pandemic. The stimulus from governments and central bankers in response to Covid led to a swift recovery from a recession and ebullient capital markets. The effects of the pandemic also led to changes in how customers and businesses operate, which sent corporate chieftains on a deal making spree.

The current environment is far less friendly. The highest inflation in decades, sharply higher interest rates, and significant geopolitical concerns have sent markets for a loop, with the S&P 500 recently finishing its worst first half in more than 50 years. That uncertainty has given corporate executives pause about taking their companies public or selling additional stock.

Likewise, the U.S. economy has been flashing disparate signals about its health. The finances of U.S. consumers and businesses remain relatively strong. Executives at Bank of America, which also reported second-quarter results on Monday, said their customers were spending and borrowing at a strong clip.

But higher costs for groceries, gas and rent are hurting many consumers, and U.S. households have started spending some of the savings they accumulated during the pandemic. Bank executives across the industry are concerned about a possible recession, although they haven’t seen clear evidence of one just yet.

Goldman CEO David Solomon noted conflicting signals on the inflation outlook.



Photo:

patrick t. fallon/Agence France-Presse/Getty Images

Goldman CEO

David Solomon

pointed to conflicting signals on the inflation outlook Monday. He said the bank’s corporate clients continue to experience persistent inflation in their own supply chains, but added that the firm’s economists expect inflation to slow in the rest of the year.

Goldman’s second-quarter profit fell to $2.9 billion from $5.5 billion a year ago. Revenue fell 23% to $11.9 billion, though both beat the expectations of analysts polled by FactSet.

Bank of America’s profit fell 32% to $6.2 billion and revenue rose 6% to $22.7 billion.

Goldman shares rose 2.5%. Bank of America shares were roughly flat.

Within the investment banks, stock-selling businesses were hit especially hard. In 2021, companies raced to go public via initial public offerings and blank-check companies known as SPACs. That activity has ground to a halt so far this year.

Goldman is planning to slow its hiring pace in the second half of the year, after staffing up for the pandemic deal making boom. The bank had 47,000 employees at the end of June, up from about 41,000 a year ago. Finance chief

Denis Coleman

also said the bank would bring back annual performance reviews for its workers, a practice Goldman had mostly suspended during the pandemic.

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Citigroup executives said last week they expected the slowdown to be temporary and wouldn’t change their pace of hiring more investment bankers. “You’re going to see us take a strategic look at this and a long-term look rather than just a shooting from the hip on the expenses side, because we’re building the firm for the long term here,” CEO

Jane Fraser

said.

At Bank of America, where total investment banking revenue fell 46%, Chief Financial Officer

Alastair Borthwick

said investment banking would “rise back to more normal levels in the next few quarters when economic uncertainty becomes more muted.”

Total trading revenue grew 25% at Citigroup, 21% at Morgan Stanley, 15% at JPMorgan and 11% at Bank of America. Goldman’s 32% jump was powered by a big rise in fixed income, currencies and commodities.

JPMorgan generated more trading revenue than any second quarter except during the middle of the pandemic and notched its best-ever second quarter for equities trading.

“Trading markets whipsawed with each release of economic data during the quarter,”

Daniel Pinto,

JPMorgan’s president and the head of the corporate and investment bank, told staff in a memo last week.

—Orla McCaffrey and David Benoit contributed to this article.

Write to Charley Grant at charles.grant@wsj.com

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Business

Bank of America Profit Falls 32%

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Bank of America Corp.

BAC 7.04%

said Monday that its second-quarter profit declined 32%.

The second-largest U.S. bank earned $6.2 billion, down from $9.2 billion a year earlier. Per-share earnings of 73 cents missed the 75 cents that analysts polled by FactSet had expected.

Revenue increased 6% from a year ago to $22.7 billion, slightly below analysts’ expectations.

Last week,

JPMorgan Chase

JPM 4.58%

& Co.,

Citigroup Inc.,

Wells Fargo & Co. and

Morgan Stanley

all reported double-digit drops in profit. Executives at the country’s largest banks said there is more uncertainty than usual about where the economy is headed.

Bank of America released $48 million in funds it had set aside to cover potential future losses. A year ago, the bank released $2.2 billion, lifting its profits at the time.

Some bank executives believe a recession is on the horizon, and that the Federal Reserve’s attempts to curb inflation with interest-rate increases could help spark the downturn. Investors are watching bank earnings closely because they are viewed as a bellwether for the broader economy.

The Federal Reserve has been raising interest rates this year, including two big increases in the second quarter. Higher rates allow banks to charge more on loans, which can juice profits. The resulting market gyrations have also helped banks’ trading desks, which benefit from volatility.

Bank of America’s net interest income, including its lending profits, rose 22% from a year earlier to $12.4 billion, thanks largely to higher rates and stronger demand for loans.

Noninterest income, which includes fees, fell 9% from a year earlier to $10.2 billion. Lower investment-banking fees and changes to the bank’s overdraft policy dragged down fee income, Bank of America said. The bank said in January it would cut overdraft fees from $35 to $10.

The U.S. could be headed toward a recession, according to economists and latest GDP figures. But this recession might be different from past ones because of one main indicator: unemployment. WSJ’s Jon Hilsenrath explains.

Investment banking fees fell 46% from a year earlier to $1.2 billion. Investment banking revenue fell 54% at JPMorgan, 55% at Morgan Stanley and 46% at Citigroup in the second quarter.

Adjusted trading revenue increased 11% to about $4 billion.

Outstanding loans and leases grew 12% from a year earlier to just over $1 trillion. Loans in the bank’s commercial division rose 16%, while loans to consumers increased 7%. That is positive news for a bank that, like its peers, struggled to profit from lending for much of the pandemic because of rock-bottom interest rates and tepid loan demand.

Bank of America’s total expenses increased 1.5% to $15.3 billion.

Shares fell slightly in premarket trading.

Write to Orla McCaffrey at orla.mccaffrey@wsj.com

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Business

Prosecutors Say JPMorgan Traders Scammed Metals Markets by Spoofing

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CHICAGO—

JPMorgan Chase

& Co.’s precious-metals traders consistently manipulated the gold and silver market over a period of seven years and lied about their conduct to regulators who investigated them, federal prosecutors said Friday.

The bank built a formidable franchise trading precious metals, but some of it was based on deception, prosecutors said at the start of a trial of two former traders and a co-worker who dealt with important hedge-fund clients. They said the traders engaged in a price-rigging strategy known as spoofing, which involved sending large, deceptive orders that fooled other traders about the state of supply and demand. The orders were often canceled before others could trade with them.

The criminal trial in Chicago is the climax of a seven-year Justice Department campaign to punish alleged spoofing in the futures markets. Prosecutors have alleged the former members of

JPMorgan’s

JPM -0.31%

precious-metals desk constituted a sort of criminal gang that carried out a yearslong conspiracy that racked up big profits for the bank.

“Day in, day out for seven years, the defendants manipulated the market so that they could make more money,” U.S. Justice Department prosecutor Lucy Jennings said. “And then they lied to cover it up.”

JPMorgan paid $920 million in 2020 to resolve regulatory and criminal charges over the conduct, which involved nine futures traders and at least two salespeople who dealt with clients such as hedge funds, according to court records. Three former traders cooperated with the Justice Department’s investigation and will testify against the three defendants: Gregg Smith and Michael Nowak, who traded precious metals; and Jeffrey Ruffo, who was their liaison to big hedge funds whose trades earned money for the bank.

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Attorneys for Messrs. Smith, Nowak and Ruffo told jurors Friday that prosecutors cherry-picked a handful of trades to concoct a misleading theory of how the men traded.

Mr. Smith canceled many orders but never used them as a ruse, defense attorney Jonathan Cogan said. He often canceled orders after he realized that high-speed trading firms, which made decisions faster than he could, jumped ahead of his orders and moved the price up or down, Mr. Cogan said.

“He did not place orders with the intent to manipulate the market, not during the snippets of time the prosecutors will focus on in this case—not ever,” Mr. Cogan said.

An attorney for Mr. Nowak, who led the precious-metals desk, said his client was a gold-options trader during the years under scrutiny. Mr. Nowak used futures mostly to limit the risk of his large options positions, attorney David Meister said, so his pay wasn’t linked to making more or less money on a futures trade.

“The stuff he’s charged with here couldn’t move the needle for Mike’s pay,” Mr. Meister said.

Mr. Smith had worked at Bear Stearns before joining JPMorgan in 2008 when the bank acquired Bear in a fire sale precipitated by the financial crisis. Mr. Nowak traded for JPMorgan in both London and New York. Mr. Ruffo worked at the bank for a decade, communicating with hedge funds that were brokerage clients and providing the desk with important market intelligence, according to prosecutors. All three have pleaded not guilty.

Prosecutors have alleged the pattern of spoofing was continuous, a claim that allowed them to charge the three men with racketeering in addition to conspiracy, attempted price manipulation, fraud, and spoofing. The conduct allegedly spanned from 2008 to 2016.

Racketeering is a charge typically reserved for criminal enterprises such as the mafia and violent gangs, although eight soybean-futures traders in Chicago were convicted of racketeering in a crackdown on cheating in the early 1990s.

U.S. District Judge Edmond E. Chang has reserved up to six weeks for the trial, although prosecutors said Friday that they could be finished presenting their case within two weeks. Judge Chang last year dismissed part of the case—several counts of bank fraud—against the defendants. Prosecutors also recently moved to drop allegations related to options trading that authorities claimed had been manipulative.

Prosecutors have alleged that JPMorgan employees already were spoofing when Mr. Smith got to the bank. They say Mr. Smith and another trader from Bear brought a new style of spoofing that was more aggressive than the simpler approach people at JPMorgan had been using, according to court records.

Spoofing became an important way to successfully execute trades for hedge-fund clients whose fees were critical to the trading desk, prosecutors said. “It was key to get the best prices for those clients, so that they keep coming back to the precious-metals desk at JPMorgan, and not another bank,” Ms. Jennings said.

Guy Petrillo, an attorney for Mr. Ruffo, said Friday his client was a reliable and honest salesman whose only role was to communicate with clients and pass their orders to traders such as Messrs. Smith and Nowak.

“There will be no reliable evidence that Jeff knew that traders were using trading tactics that he understood at the time were unlawful,” Mr. Petrillo said.

Federal prosecutors have honed a formula for going after spoofing defendants during their multiyear strike on the practice. In addition to using cooperating witnesses who said they knew the conduct was wrong, prosecutors have deployed trading charts and electronic chats to depict a sequence of trades intended to deceive others in the market. While the charts show a pattern of allegedly deceptive trading, prosecutors said the incriminating chats reveal the intent of the traders placing the orders.

Former traders at

Deutsche Bank AG

and

Bank of America Corp.

were convicted of spoofing-related crimes in 2020 and 2021, respectively.

Those trials featured chats in which some defendants boasted about spoofing.

Lawyers for Messrs. Smith, Nowak and Ruffo said there are no chats in which their clients talked about spoofing because the men didn’t engage in it.

Spoofing is a form of market manipulation outlawed by Congress in 2010. Spoofers send orders priced above or below the best prices, so they don’t immediately execute. Those orders create a false appearance of supply and demand, prosecutors say. The tactic is designed to move prices toward a level where the spoofer has placed another order he wants to trade. Once the bona fide order is filled, the spoofer cancels the deceptive orders, often causing prices to move back to where they were before the maneuver started.

Mr. Smith’s style of spoofing involved layering multiple deceptive orders at different prices and in rapid succession, according to the settlement agreement that JPMorgan struck with prosecutors two years ago. It was harder to pull off but also harder to detect, and other JPMorgan traders adopted his mode of trading, court records say.

In the earlier trials, prosecutors successfully defended their theory that spoofing constitutes a type of fraud. Some traders have argued spoofing doesn’t involve making false statements—usually a precondition for fraud—because electronic orders don’t convey any intent or promises.

The tactic can impose losses on those tricked by spoofing patterns. The government has portrayed some of Wall Street’s most sophisticated trading firms, such as Citadel Securities and Quantlab Financial, as the past victims of spoofers. In the latest trial, prosecutors also plan to call individual traders who traded for their own accounts and were harmed by spoofing.

Write to Dave Michaels at dave.michaels@wsj.com

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Business

Chevron Rakes in $15.6 Billion in Annual Profits as Oil Prices Climb

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Chevron Corp.

CVX -3.52%

had its most profitable year since 2014, reporting Friday that it earned $15.6 billion in net income in 2021, as commodity prices surged on the back of a global economic recovery.

The U.S. oil giant’s annual earnings were a dramatic turnaround from 2020, when Chevron lost $5.5 billion after the global pandemic routed demand for oil and gas. It reported a fourth-quarter profit of $5.1 billion Friday, up from a $665 million loss during the same period last year. Chevron also said it generated $21.1 billion in free cash flow in 2021, its most ever.

Chevron’s stock price reached its highest level ever Thursday, closing at more than $135 a share, as investors reacted to Chevron’s announcement that it would raise its quarterly dividend by 6%. But the company’s shares fell more than 4% Friday following the release of its fourth-quarter earnings, which were lower than analysts had expected.

Surging commodity prices have left investors wondering whether oil-and-gas companies will follow their historical impulse to increase drilling in pursuit of higher profits. Chevron is the first of the largest Western oil companies to report earnings, and analysts will look for tea leaves from Chevron’s management about whether the price signal has changed its calculus.

Chevron Chief Executive

Mike Wirth

said demand for gasoline is above pre-pandemic levels and that he expects further recovery in fossil markets in 2022. Despite that, he said Chevron will stick to disciplined spending.

“I don’t think we’re going to be tempted by the price of the day,” Mr. Wirth said on a call with analysts Friday.

Following years of dismal returns from oil-and-gas companies, investors have pressured producers to moderate growth and return more cash to shareholders. Chevron and peers have responded by changing how they allocate cash, leading to a jump in their share prices and declines in the cost of capital, according to

Rob Thummel,

a senior portfolio manager at TortoiseEcofin.

While that is good for investors in the company, there are mounting concerns that there isn’t enough investment in new fossil-fuel supply to meet growing demand.

“Producers and management teams will continue to deliver on what the market is asking them, which is to return capital to shareholders, ultimately making it harder to keep up with global demand for oil and gas,” said Mr. Thummel.

In 2012, the Netherlands experienced a 3.6 magnitude earthquake. It was caused by one of the world’s largest gas fields, known as Groningen, and it set off a chain of events that’s contributing to today’s sky-high energy prices. WSJ’s Shelby Holliday explains. Illustration: Sebastian Vega

U.S. oil prices reached their highest levels since 2014 in January and were trading at around $87 per barrel Thursday. More analysts are predicting that oil prices will top $100 per barrel in 2022, as global economies continue to recover and investment in oil and gas production remains relatively restrained.

Chevron has said it is sticking to a relatively modest budget and will return increasing amounts of cash to shareholders. Chevron’s dividend increase Thursday marked the 35th consecutive year the company has raised the payout. Chevron has also said it would buy back as much as $5 billion of its stock after buying back $1.4 billion in 2021.

Late Thursday, a federal judge invalidated a U.S. oil and gas lease sale of 80 million acres in the Gulf of Mexico, saying the Department of Interior hadn’t adequately considered climate change impacts in its environmental analysis. Chevron was among the companies that had bid for tracts in the sale. Mr. Wirth called the decision disappointing on Friday.

Chevron said in December it would increase capital expenditures in 2022 to $15 billion, a 20% increase from the previous year but still well below pre-pandemic levels. Mr. Breber said the company will maintain that budget. Chevron has said it would spend between $15 billion and $17 billion through 2025 compared with previous plans to spend $19 billion to $22 billion a year before the pandemic.

Despite the lower spending levels, Chevron said it set a record for oil and gas production in 2021, producing 3.1 million barrels a day, a modest increase from last year’s levels. The company’s oil-and-gas production unit earned $7.3 billion in 2021, compared with a loss of $1.6 billion in 2020.

Chevron Chief Financial Officer

Pierre Breber

said the company can grow production despite its more disciplined spending because of structural cost savings Chevron implemented during the pandemic. Chevron has to grow to sustain the dividend, he said.

“We’re going to build back activity as the market recovers,” Mr. Breber said.

Phil Gresh,

an analyst at

JPMorgan Chase

& Co., said in a note to investors Friday that Chevron’s guidance that 2022 oil and gas production would be flat to slightly down was lower than expected. Mr. Breber said Chevron’s 2022 production would grow, excluding lost volumes from expiring contracts in Asia.

Write to Christopher M. Matthews at christopher.matthews@wsj.com

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Business

Get ready for the climb. Here’s what history says about stock-market returns during Fed rate-hike cycles.

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Bond yields are rising again so far in 2022. The U.S. stock market seems vulnerable to a bona fide correction. But what can you really tell from a mere two weeks into a new year? Not much and quite a lot.

One thing feels assured: the days of making easy money are over in the pandemic era. Benchmark interest rates are headed higher and bond yields, which have been anchored at historically low levels, are destined to rise in tandem.

Read: Weekend reads: How to invest amid higher inflation and as interest rates rise

It seemed as if Federal Reserve members couldn’t make that point any clearer this past week, ahead of the traditional media blackout that precedes the central bank’s first policy meeting of the year on Jan. 25-26.

The U.S. consumer-price and producer-price index releases this week have only cemented the market’s expectations of a more aggressive or hawkish monetary policy from the Fed.

The only real question is how many interest-rate increases will the Federal Open Market Committee dole out in 2022. JPMorgan Chase & Co.
JPM,
-6.15%
CEO Jamie Dimon intimated that seven might be the number to beat, with market-based projections pointing to the potential for three increases to the federal funds rate in the coming months.

Check out: Here’s how the Federal Reserve may shrink its $8.77 trillion balance sheet to combat high inflation

Meanwhile, yields for the 10-year Treasury note yielded 1.771% Friday afternoon, which means that yields have climbed by about 26 basis points in the first 10 trading days to start a calendar year, which would be the briskest such rise since 1992, according to Dow Jones Market Data. Back 30 years ago, the 10-year rose 32 basis points to around 7% to start that year.

The 2-year note
TMUBMUSD02Y,
0.960%,
which tends to be more sensitive to the Fed’s interest rate moves, is knocking on the door of 1%, up 24 basis points so far this year, FactSet data show.

But do interest rate increases translate into a weaker stock market?

As it turns out, during so-called rate-hike cycles, which we seem set to enter into as early as March, the market tends to perform strongly, not poorly.

In fact, during a Fed rate-hike cycle the average return for the Dow Jones Industrial Average
DJIA,
-0.56%
is nearly 55%, that of the S&P 500
SPX,
+0.08%
is a gain of 62.9% and the Nasdaq Composite
COMP,
+0.59%
has averaged a positive return of 102.7%, according to Dow Jones, using data going back to 1989 (see attached table). Fed interest rate cuts, perhaps unsurprisingly, also yield strong gains, with the Dow up 23%, the S&P 500 gaining 21% and the Nasdaq rising 32%, on average during a Fed rate hike cycle.

Dow Jones Market Data

Interest rate cuts tend to occur during periods when the economy is weak and rate hikes when the economy is viewed as too hot by some measure, which may account for the disparity in stock market performance during periods when interest-rate reductions occur.

To be sure, it is harder to see the market producing outperformance during a period in which the economy experiences 1970s-style inflation. Right now, it feels unlikely that bullish investors will get a whiff of double-digit returns based on the way stocks are shaping up so far in 2022. The Dow is down 1.2%, the S&P 500 is off 2.2%, while the Nasdaq Composite is down a whopping 4.8% thus far in January.

Read: Worried about a bubble? Why you should overweight U.S. equities this year, according to Goldman

What’s working?

So far this year, winning stock market trades have been in energy, with the S&P 500’s energy sector
SP500.10,
+2.44%

XLE,
+2.35%
looking at a 16.4% advance so far in 2022, while financials
SP500.40,
-1.01%

XLF,
-1.04%
are running a distant second, up 4.4%. The other nine sectors of the S&P 500 are either flat or lower.

Meanwhile, value themes are making a more pronounced comeback, eking out a 0.1% weekly gain last week, as measured by the iShares S&P 500 Value ETF
IVE,
-0.14%,
but month to date the return is 1.2%.

See: These 3 ETFs let you play the hot semiconductor sector, where Nvidia, Micron, AMD and others are growing sales rapidly

What’s not working?

Growth factors are getting hammered thus far as bond yields rise because a rapid rise in yields makes their future cash flows less valuable. Higher interest rates also hinder technology companies’ ability to fund stock buy backs. The popular iShares S&P 500 Growth ETF
IVW,
+0.28%
is down 0.6% on the week and down 5.1% in January so far.

What’s really not working?

Biotech stocks are getting shellacked, with the iShares Biotechnology ETF
IBB,
+0.65%
down 1.1% on the week and 9% on the month so far.

And a popular retail-oriented ETF, the SPDR S&P Retail ETF
XRT,
-2.10%
tumbled 4.1% last week, contributing to a 7.4% decline in the month to date.

And Cathie Wood’s flagship ARK Innovation ETF
ARKK,
+0.33%
finished the week down nearly 5% for a 15.2% decline in the first two weeks of January. Other funds in the complex, including ARK Genomic Revolution ETF
ARKG,
+1.04%
and ARK Fintech Innovation ETF
ARKF,
-0.99%
are similarly woebegone.

And popular meme names also are getting hammered, with GameStop Corp.
GME,
-4.76%
down 17% last week and off over 21% in January, while AMC Entertainment Holdings
AMC,
-0.44%
sank nearly 11% on the week and more than 24% in the month to date.

Gray swan?

MarketWatch’s Bill Watts writes that fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine are on the rise, and prompting analysts and traders to weigh the potential financial-market shock waves. Here’s what his reporting says about geopolitical risk factors and their longer-term impact on markets.

Week ahead

U.S. markets are closed in observance of the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday on Monday.

Read: Is the stock market open on Monday? Here are the trading hours on Martin Luther King Jr. Day

Notable U.S. corporate earnings

(Dow components in bold)
TUESDAY:

Goldman Sachs Group
GS,
-2.52%,
Truist Financial Corp.
TFC,
+0.96%,
Signature Bank
SBNY,
+0.07%,
PNC Financial
PNC,
-1.33%,
J.B. Hunt Transport Services
JBHT,
-1.04%,
Interactive Brokers Group Inc.
IBKR,
-1.22%

WEDNESDAY:

Morgan Stanley
MS,
-3.58%,
Bank of America
BAC,
-1.74%,
U.S. Bancorp.
USB,
+0.09%,
State Street Corp.
STT,
+0.32%,
UnitedHealth Group Inc.
UNH,
+0.27%,
Procter & Gamble
PG,
+0.96%,
Kinder Morgan
KMI,
+1.82%,
Fastenal Co.
FAST,
-2.55%

THURSDAY:

Netflix
NFLX,
+1.25%,
United Airlines Holdings
UAL,
-2.97%,
American Airlines
AAL,
-4.40%,
Baker Hughes
BKR,
+4.53%,
Discover Financial Services
DFS,
-1.44%,
CSX Corp.
CSX,
-0.82%,
Union Pacific Corp.
UNP,
-0.55%,
The Travelers Cos. Inc. TRV, Intuitive Surgical Inc. ISRG, KeyCorp.
KEY,
+1.16%

FRIDAY:

Schlumberger
SLB,
+4.53%,
Huntington Bancshares Inc.
HBAN,
+1.73%

U.S. economic reports

Tuesday

  • Empire State manufacturing index for January due at 8:30 a.m. ET
  • NAHB home builders index for January at 10 a.m.

Wednesday

  • Building permits and starts for December at 8:30 a.m.
  • Philly Fed Index for January at 8:30 a.m.

Thursday

  • Initial jobless claims for the week ended Jan. 15 (and continuing claims for Jan. 8) at 8:30 a.m.
  • Existing home sales for December at 10 a.m.

Friday

Leading economic indicators for December at 10 a.m.

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Business

JPM earnings 4Q 2021

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JP Morgan CEO Jamie Dimon listens as he is introduced at the Boston College Chief Executives Club luncheon in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S., November 23, 2021.

Brian Snyder | Reuters

JPMorgan Chase reported fourth-quarter earnings before the opening bell Friday.

Here are the numbers:

  • Earnings: $3.33 a share, vs. estimate $3.01, according to Refinitiv.
  • Revenue: $30.35 billion, vs. estimate $29.9 billion.

JPMorgan Chase, the first major bank to report fourth-quarter earnings, will be closely watched for signs of an expected rebound in lending.

Government stimulus programs during the pandemic left consumers and businesses flush, resulting in stagnant loan growth and prompting CEO Jamie Dimon to say last year that loan growth was “challenged.”

But analysts have pointed to a rebound in the fourth quarter, driven by demand from corporations and credit card borrowers. They’ll want to see that show up in JPMorgan’s results, as that, along with the Federal Reserve’s expected rate hikes, are two primary drivers of the industry’s profitability.

Analysts may also ask the bank about the impact of its recent decision to rein in overdraft fees. JPMorgan said last month that it would give customers a grace period to avoid the punitive fees, a move that along with other changes will have a “not insignificant” hit to revenue.

JPMorgan chief operating officer Daniel Pinto said last month during a conference that fourth-quarter trading revenue was headed for a 10% drop, driven by a decline in fixed income activity from record levels. Offsetting that is an expected 35% jump in investment banking fees, he said.

The bank was forced to pay $200 million in fines last month to settle charges that its Wall Street division allowed workers to use messaging apps to circumvent record keeping laws.  

Shares of JPMorgan have climbed 6.2% this year, lagging the 11.6% rise of the KBW Bank Index.  

This story is developing. Please check back for updates.

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Business

Bank of America to Cut Overdraft Fees to $10 From $35

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Bank of America Corp. said Tuesday it would cut overdraft fees to $10 from $35 beginning in May, following other big banks that have rolled back or ditched such charges.

Overdraft fees, which are charged when customers don’t have enough cash in their accounts to cover their purchases, are under scrutiny by regulators and politicians who say they unfairly exploit cash-strapped families. Under the Biden administration, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency have pressed banks to scale them back. In a December report, the CFPB flagged Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Wells Fargo & Co. on their overdraft fees.

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