Tag Archives: Jonathan McDowell

Defunct Satellite and Rocket Stage Nearly Collide in Potential ‘Worst-Case Scenario’

Conceptual image of space junk in Earth orbit.
Illustration: SCIPHO (AP)

An old rocket body and military satellite—large pieces of space junk dating back to the Soviet Union—nearly smashed into each other on Friday morning, in an uncomfortable near-miss that would’ve resulted in thousands of pieces of debris had they collided.

LeoLabs, a private company that tracks satellites and derelict objects in low Earth orbit, spotted the near-collision in radar data. The company, which can track objects as tiny as 3.9 inches (10 centimeters) in diameter, operates three radar stations, two in the U.S. and one in New Zealand.

The two objects whizzed past each other at an altitude of 611 miles (984 kilometers) on the morning of Friday, January 27. LeoLabs “computed a miss distance of only 6 meters [20 feet] with an error margin of only a few tens of meters,” the company said in a tweet.

That is unbelievably close, as Harvard-Smithsonian astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell conveyed in a graphic posted to Twitter. The SL-8 rocket body (NORAD ID 16511), specifically its second stage, has been in space since 1986, while the Cosmos 2361 military satellite (NORAD ID 25590), known as Parus, launched to low Earth orbit in 1998. A collision between the two objects would have produced thousands of new debris fragments that would have lingered in Earth orbit for decades.

The conjunction happened in an orbital “bad neighborhood” located between 590 and 652 miles (950 and 1,050 km) above the surface, according to LeoLabs. This band has “significant debris-generating potential” in low Earth orbit “due to a mix of breakup events and abandoned derelict objects,” the company explained in a series of tweets. The so-called bad neighborhood hosts around 160 SL-8 rocket bodies along with their roughly 160 payloads launched decades ago. LeoLabs says around 1,400 conjunctions involving these rocket bodies were chronicled between June and September 2022.

LeoLabs describes this type of potential collision between “two massive derelict objects” as a “worst-case scenario,” saying it would be “largely out of our control and would likely result in a ripple effect of dangerous collisional encounters.” Indeed, a collision on this scale would most certainly accelerate the ongoing Kessler Syndrome—the steady accumulation of space debris that threatens to make portions of Earth orbit inaccessible.

Related story: What to Know About Kessler Syndrome, the Ultimate Space Disaster

Near-misses in space are becoming increasingly common, whether it’s conjunctions between defunct satellites or clouds of debris that threaten the International Space Station. Avoidance maneuvers are now a steady fixture for satellite operators, with SpaceX, as an extreme example, having to perform over 26,000 collision avoidance maneuvers of its Starlink satellites from December 1, 2020 to November 30, 2022.

In addition to focusing on collision avoidance, LeoLabs recommends the implementation of debris mitigation and debris remediation efforts. This could take the form of sensible guidelines having to do with the removal of satellites once they’re been retired, as well as the introduction of debris removal technologies.

More: The FCC Wants a 5-Year Deadline to Deorbit Defunct Satellites



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SpaceX Pulls off Record 3 Orbital Launches in 34 Hours

Falcon 9 launching a pair of communication satellites on December 17.
Photo: SpaceX

SpaceX is finishing off the year strong, flying its Falcon 9 rocket three times in less than 34 hours to deliver various payloads to low Earth orbit.

So far this year, the company has successfully completed 59 orbital launches. SpaceX still has two more launches scheduled before the end of the year, which would fulfill CEO Elon Musk’s goal of 60 launches for 2022. In June, SpaceX performed three Falcon 9 launches in 36 hours and 18 minutes, but these most recent launches happened in a span of 33 hours and 46 minutes, setting a new record for the company, as Teslarati points out.

For the first of its recent three launches, a Falcon 9 carried the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission to orbit. The rocket took off from Space Launch Complex-4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California on December 16 at 6:46 a.m. ET. SWOT deployed as planned, beginning its three-year mission as the first satellite to conduct a global survey of Earth’s surface water to measure how it changes over time.

A little over 11 hours later, another Falcon 9 rocket took flight, departing Florida at 5:48 p.m ET. Friday’s second launch carried two communications satellites, the Boeing-built O3b mPower 1 and 2, to orbit for Luxembourg satellite operator SES.

The third launch was a little closer to home for SpaceX, with the reusable rocket delivering more of the private company’s Starlink satellites to orbit. On December 17, a Falcon 9 launched at 4:32 p.m. ET with 54 satellites tucked into its payload fairing. So far, SpaceX has launched over 3,600 of its internet satellites to orbit, of which 3,284 are currently operational, according to stats collected by astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell. The use of its workhorse Falcon 9 has put the company way ahead of its competition, such as OneWeb, when it comes to building a megaconstellation of internet satellites in low Earth orbit.

SpaceX has two more launches scheduled this year. Multiple reports suggest that the company is planning on launching Falcon 9 on December 28 to deliver more Starlink satellites to orbit, according to Teslarati. There may even be a bonus launch on December 29, with the trusty launch vehicle carrying the Israeli EROS-C3 Earth imaging satellite.

SpaceX CEO Musk had previously stated that he’s aiming for a record-breaking 60 launches of the Falcon 9 rocket this year, so we’ll have to wait and see if the company manages to pull it off. SpaceX may very well succeed in its goal for 2022, but a big challenge awaits next year, with the CEO setting his sights on 100 launches in 2023.

More: Key SpaceX Launches Back on Track After Unexplained Delays



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Satellite Billboards Are a Dystopian Future We Don’t Need

Artist’s conception of a cubesat ad showing the Olympic rings.
Image: Shamil Biktimirov/Skoltech

A feasibility study suggests millions of dollars can be made by using fleets of bright cubesats to form advertisements high above Earth. It’s a clearly terrible idea, as it would tarnish our already-threatened views of the night sky.

The purpose of the new paper, published in Aerospace, was to evaluate theeconomic feasibility of a space advertising mission that would launch a formation of satellites into orbit to reflect sunlight and display commercials in the sky above cities,” according to a Skotech press release. Shamil Biktimirov, a research intern at Skoltech’s Engineering Center, is the first author of the paper.

Biktimirov and his colleagues, which included a team from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, envision 50 or more cubesats working in concert to create images that are visible from highly populated urban areas. Factors considered included fuel consumption and longevity of the satellites, the population sizes of target cities, and local ad costs. The researchers estimate that a single mission would cost about $65 million. “An unrealistic idea as it may first seem, space advertising turns out to have a potential for commercial viability,” wrote the researchers in their study.

“It will not surprise you to learn that I am not a fan,” Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, wrote to me in an email. The “bright advertising messages themselves will be localized to urban areas,” but the “brightness of these solar sail satellites will still be substantial in other places and times,” which is something the Russian researchers didn’t consider, he said. To which McDowell added: “The entire idea of this kind of inescapable space-borne advertising is fundamentally dystopian.”

The Russian researchers, in full anticipation of this kind of negative response, defended their idea, saying the ads would only appear at dawn or dusk (the cubesats require at least some exposure to sunlight to become bright and visible) and that the space-based ads only make economic sense for “large cities that are already exposed to permanent light pollution.”

The authors propose that the ads appear above the most profitable city within reach for a full minute before moving on to the next victim, er, city. This would be possible as the satellites would be placed in circular Sun-synchronous orbits that straddle the day-night boundary. This type of orbit “guarantees that formation satellites will always be lit by the Sun, and its access area will constantly include points on Earth where the lighting condition is satisfied,” the scientists write. An estimated $2 million in advertising revenue could be made with this approach, so the whole thing could be paid off in about a month, the scientists argue. A single fleet of cubesats could operate in this fashion for “several months” depending on the configuration, they write.

These sorts of ideas are upsettingly common. Back in 2018, Rocket Lab launched Humanity Star, a 3-foot-wide mirror, into space. The ghastly diamond-shaped Orbital Reflector, also launched in 2018, never really worked and is now officially space junk. Russian company StartRocket and PepsiCo toyed with the idea three years ago, threatening to promote energy drinks with artificial constellations.

Just because you can do a thing doesn’t mean you have to do that thing. Space-based ads may be feasible, but they’d represent an eyesore of cosmological proportions, tarnishing our natural, unobstructed views of space. That our cities are already flooded with light pollution and ads on the ground is hardly an excuse to embark on such an endeavor. Here’s hoping that sensibility will prevail and that ads for soft drinks and fast food stay on the ground.

More: Obnoxiously Large Satellite Could Mean Bad News for Astronomers Observing the Skies.

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Russian Motor Spontaneously Explodes in Orbit, Creating Debris Cloud

Space agencies are trying to figure out ways to mitigate the effects of space debris.
Photo: Arne Dedert (AP)

An old Russian motor that’s been aimlessly floating through space for more than a decade has finally met its demise in a sudden explosion, producing at least 16 shards of orbital debris that now threaten satellites and other objects.

On Tuesday, the U.S. Space Force’s 18th Space Defense Squadron confirmed through Twitter that a SOZ ullage motor exploded in space on April 15. At least 16 pieces of debris were created by the event, which the defense squadron is now tracking. The motor was used to launch three Russian GLONASS satellites in 2007, boosting them into the right orbit once they were in space. The motor had been orbiting idly in space since then, but with leftover high energy rocket propellant still packed inside.

“It’s sort of like a little bit of a time bomb, but without an actual timer,” astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics told Gizmodo.

Something likely happened within the motor that involved the rocket propellant, causing it to explode. Unfortunately, this isn’t the first time a discarded SOZ ullage motor has made a big mess in space. At least 54 of these motors have already exploded, and there are about 64 of them still in orbit, according to McDowell. This latest motor breakup incident is adding to the mounting problem of space debris, or space junk, caught in Earth’s orbit.

“When I saw this, I was massively unsurprised,” he said. “These things have been popping off once or twice a year for many years, and it’s really been a problem.” The motor is an older Soviet rocket design left over from the Cold War, whereas newer designs of spacecraft are designed to avoid these issues. “This particular issue of leftover rocket stages blowing up has mostly been designed out in modern rockets,” McDowell said. “The best practice nowadays is to passivate spacecraft when they’re at the end of their mission.” Spacecraft passivation is the removal or deactivation of all potential sources of explosions.

But even if these older designs are no longer being sent to space, the pre-existing population of these relic motors could continue to generate more debris, and create further risks to satellites, which could in turn result in even more debris—a serious problem known as Kessler Syndrome.

More than 27,000 pieces of orbital debris are tracked by the Department of Defense’s global Space Surveillance Network (SSN) sensors, with many more smaller pieces of debris in the near-Earth environment, according to NASA. These uncontrolled pieces of junk, whether a retired satellite or a small chunk of metal, travel at high speeds, running a potential risk of crashing into an operational spacecraft and causing considerable damage.

In June 2021, for example, a piece of space junk crashed into the International Space Station, damaging one of its robotic arms. Later in November, astronauts aboard the ISS had to take shelter from a cloud of space debris generated by the destruction of the defunct Russian satellite Kosmos-1408—the result of a reckless Russian anti-satellite test. China’s anti-satellite test in 2007 created more than 3,000 pieces of large debris.

Space agencies are hoping to find solutions to the ongoing orbital littering, with the European Space Agency recently commissioning the first debris removal mission, currently slated for a 2025 launch. The ClearSpace-1 spacecraft will feature four arms designed to clean up space junk in Earth’s orbit.

Big pieces of space debris “have the most risk of not just blowing up, but of hitting each other and creating lots more debris,” McDowell said. “And so if you want to avoid a sort of chain reaction, then getting rid of the big ones is what you want to do, and I think that that is going to happen.”



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Why NASA Will Be Keeping Many Details of This Weekend’s Megarocket Test Secret

SLS on the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Photo: NASA/Ben Smegelsky

A critical test of NASA’s upcoming Space Launch System rocket starts this Friday, but the live broadcast of the wet dress rehearsal promises to be a dull and silent affair owing to security concerns. We live in uncertain times, no question, but some experts say this muzzling is over the top and unhelpful.

It’s been nearly two weeks since SLS rolled out to launch pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The 322-foot-tall rocket, after tons of anticipation, is nearly ready for prime time. All that’s needed now is a successful wet dress rehearsal, in which propellant will be loaded into the launcher’s tanks and a countdown rehearsed by the launch team.

“It’s the last design verification prior to launch,” Tom Whitmeyer, deputy associate administrator for common exploration systems development at NASA, said today at a media teleconference. “We could learn something,” he said, but ultimately the goal is to “make it through the count” and see how SLS performs during an actual test. The team will then evaluate the data and, assuming everything’s fine, announce a date for the inaugural launch of SLS—the Artemis 1 mission—during the week of April 11.

The wet dress rehearsal is scheduled to start on Friday, April 1 at 5:00 p.m. EDT and end with the draining of the tanks on Sunday, April 3 at roughly 4:30 p.m. EDT. NASA will broadcast the entire test at the Kennedy Newsroom YouTube channel, but “without audio or commentary,” according to a press release. And as Whitmeyer explained at the media conference, reporters won’t have the usual access to detailed countdown info.

That’s a surprise, to say the least. A lot goes on during wet dress rehearsals, but this time around we won’t get to follow along in real-time. NASA says some details will be made available on its social media platforms, including the Artemis blog, but the extent to which it will share information is unknown.

The reason for the hush-hush has to do with International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) concerns having to do with the sharing, or “exporting,” of sensitive information. In the case of SLS, Whitmeyer said America’s rivals could deduce cryogenic timing information to assist in the development of ballistic missile systems. Accordingly, NASA will be “avoiding any specific timing, flow, or other types of things that would inadvertently give an indication towards specific characteristics of the operations that we’re going through.”

Whitmeyer added that NASA is being extra cautious given “the environment we’re in nowadays,” and said that the space agency can’t risk the disclosure of sensitive information. He’s likely referring to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and recent weapons tests in North Korea.

Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, isn’t convinced an ITAR-enforced silence during the SLS wet dress rehearsal will do any good.

“The problem with any such security mandate is that it is typically not being enforced by the people who have the necessary technical understanding to know what is actually helpful to others,” such as China, for example, or “what wouldn’t be helpful,” he told me in an email. “And so, it gets enforced wildly over-enthusiastically, to the point that the degree to which it impedes free communication is more harmful than any risk that it protects against.”

Whitmeyer said journalists will be provided with a general countdown timeline later this week and that a post-test media teleconference will take place on Monday, April 4.

As for the (eventual) Artemis 1 mission, Whitmeyer is hopeful that NASA will “provide the normal calls” during the real launch. That would be grand, but it’s clear we no longer live in “normal” times.

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NASA Details Plan to Retire, Crash ISS Into the Ocean

A view of the ISS at night.
Photo: NASA

The end of the International Space Station is finally approaching, with NASA declaring the retirement of the orbital outpost in 2030 and a dramatic deorbiting early in the following year.

Nothing lasts forever, not even the International Space Station. The writing’s been on the wall for some time now, but NASA made it official earlier this week, announcing that ISS operations will last until 2030 but no further. Upon retirement, the space station will perform a controlled re-entry and crash onto a remote part of the Pacific ocean known as Point Nemo. It’s all part of NASA’s plan to hand over space station responsibilities to the private sector and save a whole lotta cash in the process.

“The private sector is technically and financially capable of developing and operating commercial low-Earth orbit destinations, with NASA’s assistance,” Phil McAlister, director of commercial space at NASA, said in the statement. “We look forward to sharing our lessons learned and operations experience with the private sector to help them develop safe, reliable, and cost-effective destinations in space.”

In a detailed transition report sent to Congress, NASA said it expects to save $1.3 billion the year after ISS is gone and $1.8 billion per year by 2033. The space agency plans to spend these estimated savings on deep space exploration projects, allowing it to “explore further and faster into deep space,” according to the report. But by extending the mission to 2030, NASA will “continue another productive decade of research advancement and enable a seamless transition of capabilities in low-Earth orbit to one or more commercially owned and operated destinations in the late 2020s.”

In an email, Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, cautioned that the new report didn’t include claims that other ISS partners, such as Russia, will agree to sustain ISS until 2030, “so it could be sooner,” he explained. Fair point. Russia, it would appear, has already checked out, as evidenced by threats of leaving and the deteriorating state of its ISS assets.

ISS has been in orbit since 2000, hosting a continuous succession of astronauts throughout its 22-year history. It’s the largest orbital outpost ever built—a stunning collaboration involving 15 different countries. Late last year, the Biden administration quietly extended the station’s lifetime from 2024 to 2030, but as the new report points out, this mission extension represents the last.

In its plan, NASA describes the decommissioning process, including a potential strategy to detach some modules and attach them to other space stations. At some point in 2030, the final crew will have to depart the ISS, in what will be undoubtedly an emotional and historic moment.

In early 2031, and with no one onboard, controllers will use thrusters to lower the station’s altitude to just above Earth’s atmosphere. The ISS will then make its fatal plunge through the atmosphere, followed by bits of debris splashing down onto the South Pacific Oceanic Uninhabited Area (SPOUA) in the vicinity of Point Nemo. This spot carries the nickname “spacecraft cemetery,” as it’s where space agencies have plopped hundreds of space pieces, including Russia’s Mir space station, for the past 50 years. Point Nemo is nowhere near inhabited areas, the closest being 1,670 miles (2,690 km) away.

Sounds simple, but the required degree of precision will require some extra work. The challenge is that ISS isn’t equipped with a big enough engine to allow direct travel from its current position to its required final low orbit in a single burn, as McDowell explained. ISS operators will have to “lower its orbit in stages before the final burn,” he said. “But you can’t lower it too far or the drag (winds) will make you lose attitude control and the station will start to tumble because of the forces.” The station will have to be lowered far enough before making the final burn, requiring the use of two Russian Progress spacecraft to lower the orbit and “then a third one to dump it,” McDowell said.

Indeed, and as NASA explains in its report, the station will “accomplish the de-orbit maneuvers by using the propulsion capabilities of the ISS and its visiting vehicles,” namely Progress and possibly Cygnus spacecraft. Then, “after performing maneuvers to line up the final target ground track and debris footprint” above SPOUA, ISS operators “will perform the ISS re-entry burn, providing the final push to lower ISS as much as possible and ensure safe atmospheric entry,” according to the report.

With the end of the ISS firmly in sight, NASA will be turning to the private sector to maintain a continuous human presence in space. To that end, NASA has already allocated $415.6 million as part of its Commercial Low Earth Destinations program, with the funds being distributed to Blue Origin, Nanoracks, and Northrop Grumman. There is concern, however, that space stations built by these firms won’t be ready in time and that a gap will exist by the time ISS is retired a mere eight years from now.

This situation could get worse if, as McDowell warned, other ISS partners won’t commit to the 2030 extension. Russia, like China, has plans to build its own space station in the coming years. It seems we’re at the end of an era. Fair to say, an international collaboration like this won’t happen any time soon.

More: Rollout of NASA’s New Megarocket Delayed Until at Least March.

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Astronauts Forced to Take Shelter as Debris Cloud Threatens Space Station

The International Space Station
Image: Roscosmos

All seven astronauts currently aboard the International Space Station are having to take shelter inside their respective spacecraft owing to the sudden appearance of a debris cloud in orbit, the source of which remains unclear.

Information is slowly trickling in, but we do know that the ISS is currently functioning normally and that all seven crew members are healthy and safe. The crew had to take shelter earlier this morning due to the sudden appearance of an orbiting debris field. The unexplained breakup of the defunct Russian satellite Kosmos-1408 is currently the leading candidate for the source of the orbiting debris cloud.

NASA astronauts Raja Chari, Tom Marshburn, Kayla Barron, and ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer are sheltering inside a SpaceX Crew Dragon docked to the ISS, while Russian cosmonauts Anton Shkaplerov, Pyotr Dubrov, and NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei are inside a Soyuz capsule, reports Russian state-owned news agency TASS. The astronauts could use these spacecraft to safely return to Earth in the event the ISS is damaged by the debris.

A live feed of NASA mission control is available, allowing you to follow the events as they’re happening.

In a tweet, Roscosmos said the crew is “routinely performing operations according to the flight program,” and that the threatening “object” has “moved away from the ISS orbit.” By “object,” the Russian space agency is referring to the debris field. The “station is in the green zone,” Roscosmos added.

“Friends, everything is regular with us!,” tweeted Shkaplerov. “We continue to work on the program.”

Despite these words of reassurance, operations aboard the ISS are most certainly not back to normal. Mission controllers are continually providing countdowns of each debris field transit (i.e. the closest approach of the debris field to the ISS). At 10:32 a.m. ET, controllers provided instructions for the NASA crew to temporarily enter into the Columbus module to perform some quick tasks and to collect personal items should they have to remain inside Dragon overnight (a possible indication that this could take a while).

The debris field transits were happening about once every 93 minutes at first, but now they’re happening about once every 30 to 40 minutes. In an email, Harvard University astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell said that, assuming it’s a debris field caused by a broken-up satellite, “there will be a big error bar on whether there is risk to ISS, hence the caution.”

The source of the debris field remains unconfirmed, but its sudden appearance coincides with reports that Russia has conducted an anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons test. In a tweet, Gunter Krebs, a physicist and editor of Gunter’s Space Page, said the target was an “old Soviet Tselina-D SIGINT satellite called Kosmos-1408 (1982-092A) launched in 1982, which has been dead for decades,” and that ”14 debris objects have been tracked.” But Krebs cautions: “So far no confirmation from official sources.”

U.S. Space Force “is aware of a debris-generating event in outer space” and is “working to characterize the debris field and will continue to ensure all space-faring nations have the information necessary to maneuver satellites if impacted,” tweeted space reporter Joey Roulette from the New York Times.

Today’s incident comes less than a week after the ISS had to make an emergency maneuver to evade potentially threatening space junk. In that case, it was a remnant of the Fengyun-1C weather satellite, which China deliberately destroyed in 2007 as part of an anti-satellite missile test. India did something similar in 2019, joining the United States, Russia, and China as countries that have tested anti-satellite weapons. Currently, the use of ASATs “occupy a gray zone” when it comes to international arms control, writes Talia M. Blatt from Harvard University.  

This is a developing story and we will update this article as we learn more.



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Russian Soyuz Thruster Test Temporarily Knocks ISS Out of Position

The Soyuz MS-18 spacecraft docked to the ISS.
Image: NASA

Late last week, a routine thruster test of a Soyuz spacecraft continued for longer than expected, causing the ISS to shift by nearly 60 degrees. It’s yet another troubling sign that all is not well in the Russian segment of the orbital outpost.

The incident happened on Friday, September 15, as Russian flight controllers were running a thruster firing test of the Soyuz MS-18 spacecraft, which arrived at the ISS in April. The test was being done in preparation for the departure of cosmonaut Oleg Novitsky and a Russian film crew consisting of actress Yulia Peresild and film director Klim Shipenko.

When the test window ended, however, the thruster kept on firing, which wasn’t supposed to happen. With the spacecraft still attached to the ISS, the “station’s orientation was impacted,” according to Roscosmos.” The Russian space agency said attitude control “was swiftly recovered due to the actions of the ISS Russian Segment Chief Operating Control Group specialists,”and that the “station and the crew are in no danger.” The departure of the Soyuz spacecraft went as planned a few days later, with the crew of three landing successfully on October 17.

The loss of orientation began at 5:13 a.m. EDT, and it took flight controllers 30 minutes to return the orbital outpost to a “stable configuration,” according to NASA. The incident was serious enough for NASA to declare an emergency, in which its astronauts were told to reference procedures in the crew’s “warning book,” as the New York Times reports. Russian news agency Interfax cited Vladimir Solovyov, flight director of the Russian segment, as saying the ISS shifted by 57 degrees.

A similar incident happened in July, when the newly docked Nauka module unexpectedly fired its thrusters, causing the ISS to shift by 540 degrees. It was one of the most serious episodes to have occurred in the space station’s 21-year history. A series of air leaks and signs of deterioration in the Russian segment suggest Russia is not doing its part to maintain the space station and that the aging ISS is becoming increasingly unsafe.

NASA and Roscosmos are currently working together to figure out what happened on Friday. The New York Times cites NASA flight director Timothy Creamer as saying the thrusters may have “stopped firing because they reached their prop[ellant] limit.” In an email, I asked Jonathan McDowell, a researcher at Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, what Creamer meant by that.

“The ‘prop limit’ was, I am led to understand, a software limit set for that burn,” rather than a limit having to do with dwindling fuel reserves, McDowell responded. “So the total amount of propellant used didn’t put the ship in danger of not being able to get home or anything like that…[so] I don’t think the situation was as concerning as the Nauka issue.”

That said, McDowell said incidents like this should not happen. This latest episode contributes “to the impression that the Russian segment of the ISS is being run in a rather cavalier fashion with insufficient quality control and safety checks on the thruster software and hardware,” he said.

At the same time, Russia is not being as transparent as it should be, McDowell added. “We know the burn lasted somewhere between 11 and 30 minutes but not exactly how long, and we don’t know how long it was meant to be in the first place, so that makes it harder to assess,” he said.

Roscosmos did not immediately respond to Gizmodo’s request for more information, such as a likely cause for the incident.

Russia’s contribution to this historic space project may be coming to an end. The country has threatened to leave the ISS by 2025 and build its own space station by 2030. The current U.S. plan is to support the orbital outpost through at least 2030.

More: Russian Space Junk Hit a Chinese Satellite in March, Evidence Suggests.

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Smoke Detector Triggers Alarm in Russian Segment of the International Space Station

The International Space Station.
Image: ESA

An alarm went off on the International Space Station earlier this morning as cosmonauts woke up to the smell of smoke.

There’s never a dull moment on the ISS these days, whether it be mysterious air leaks, problematic small cracks, busted toilets and oxygen supply generators, or a new module stubbornly wanting to depart shortly after docking, causing the ISS to unexpectedly rotate by as much as 540 degrees.

The latest incident happened at 4:55 a.m. Moscow time, when a smoke detector was triggered in the Zvezda service module of the Russian segment, Roscosmos explained in a statement. The Zvezda module, in addition to hosting a portion of the station’s life support systems, provides living quarters for two crew members. BBC reports that the smell of smoke drifted as far as the U.S. segment.

Roscosmos says the appearance of smoke coincided with the autonomous recharging of the station’s batteries. An air filter was switched on to eliminate the “smoke pollution” and refresh the space station’s artificial atmosphere. Once the smoke was cleared, the ISS-65 crew continued their night in “rest mode,” the agency said. The main operational control group for the Russian segment said all systems are operating normally, and the air aboard the station “corresponds to the standard indicators.”

Roscosmos has not immediately responded to my request for more information, such as the cause of the smoke, the condition of the battery charger, and next possible steps.

Life on the station appears to have returned to normal. Oleg Novitsky and Pyotr Dubrov proceeded with their scheduled six-hour spacewalk today, as the cosmonauts continue to integrate the newly arrived Nauka module.

In an email, Jonathan McDowell, a researcher at Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, said incidents such as these are “very serious,” as they could lead to smoke inhalation or, worse, a full-blown fire (there’s lots of flammable material up there). He characterized the Russian response thusly: “So, ‘there was a burning smell, but we turned up the fans and the smell has gone away now, although we still don’t know what it was.” This response, said McDowell, “doesn’t fill me with intense confidence.”

McDowell reminded me of a historical incident aboard the Mir space station. A fire broke out on February 24, 1997, and it took the crew of six nearly 15 minutes to put out the “searing flame,” as NASA described it, which they did with fire extinguishers. NASA astronaut Jerry Linenger was aboard Mir at the time, and he described the incident in his memoir Off the Planet (via Universe Today):

As the fire spewed with angry intensity, sparks – resembling an entire box of sparklers ignited simultaneously – extended a foot or so beyond the flame’s furthest edge. Beyond the sparks, I saw what appeared to be melting wax splattering on the bulkhead opposite the blaze. But it was not melting max. It was molten metal. The fire was so hot that it was melting metal.

So yeah, fires aboard space stations are very bad. In that case, the fire started in Mir’s solid fuel oxygen generator, and the flames were put out before they could damage the station or injure the crew. The incident led to new policies and training measures to prevent a recurrence.

So while Roscosmos is quick to downplay today’s incident, what happened is clearly no joke. Hopefully more details will emerge in the coming days to confirm everything is truly okay and that the crew is safe.

More: Bizarre “bone” asteroid is even weirder than we imagined.

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The ISS Backflipped Out of Control After Russian Module Misfired

The Nauka module (left) docked to the ISS, with a Soyuz spacecraft (right) parked nearby.
Image: Roscosmos

A NASA flight director has provided new details about last week’s scary incident in orbit, in which a freshly docked Russian module inadvertently fired its thrusters, causing the International Space Station to roll backwards.

The incident happened on Thursday, July 29, some three hours after Russia’s Nauka module docked to the space station. As Russian crew members worked to integrate the newly arrived section, Nauka’s thrusters began to fire, causing the ISS to roll backwards. Russian flight controllers eventually re-gained control, but, for a 47-minute span, the situation looked dicey.

At a press conference held later that day, NASA said the space station shifted by around 45 degrees. “That’s been a little incorrectly reported,” Zebulon Scoville, the NASA flight director in charge at the time, told the New York Times. The actual figure, he said, is closer to 540 degrees, which means the ISS performed 1.5 backflips, in an impromptu performance that would make an Olympic athlete jealous. When the ISS stopped spinning, it was fully upside down, requiring a 180-degree forward flip to regain the outpost’s original position, as the New York Times reports.

Concerned, I reached out to NASA to inquire about the discrepancy, and to confirm the figures provided by Scoville.

In an email, a NASA spokesperson said the “initial value reported by flight controllers, which was called up to the station astronauts in real time and shared via NASA tweets/live coverage, was 45 degrees.” This value, according to the spokesperson, was being reported as the event was still unfolding, that is, as Nauka, also known as the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM), was still firing its thrusters and as flight controllers were continuing to change the station’s orientation. The value offered by Scoville—540 degrees—was “confirmed only after the post-event analysis was complete,” the spokesperson explained.

NASA maintains that the crew of seven was never in any danger, but as Harvard-Smithsonian astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell told me last week, this was “one of the more serious incidents in the 24-year-history of the ISS.” The loss of attitude control, he said, “risks breakup” of the entire structure.

Graphic showing the ISS configuration as of July 29, 2021.
Image: NASA

Scoville wasn’t scheduled to work on Thursday, but, following the docking of Nauka, he was asked to fill in for flight director Gregory Whitney, who had to attend a meeting. At 12:34 p.m. EDT, Scoville noticed an error message having to do with the ISS’s four gyroscopes, which maintain the station’s attitude control. As NYT’s Kenneth Chang reports:

“And so at first I was like, ‘Oh, is this a false indication?’” Mr. Scoville said. “And then I looked up at the video monitors and saw all the ice and thruster firings. This is no kidding. A real event. So let’s get to it. You get about half a breath of ‘Oh, geez, what now?’ and then you kind of push that down and just work the problem.”

Nauka’s thrusters had started firing, trying to pull away from a space station it was securely docked to.

Worse, there was no way to turn them off.

His counterparts at the mission control in Russia told him that Nauka was configured so that it could receive commands directly only from a ground station in Russia. The next pass over Russia was 70 minutes away.

Nauka, attached to the ISS underbelly, began to pull the aft section down, causing it to perform a backflip at the rate of 0.56 degrees per second. This rate of spin wasn’t fast enough for the crew to notice, but it was potentially enough to cause structural damage and to point the station’s antennas away from their intended targets. And indeed, ground controllers lost communication on two instances, once for four minutes and once for seven minutes, according to the NYT. The station’s solar arrays and radiators were locked to prevent damage.

Unable to disable Nauka’s thrusters, Russian controllers counteracted the momentum by firing thrusters attached to the Zvezda Service Module. Fearing this might not be enough, they also fired thrusters on a Progress cargo ship docked to the station. This 15-minute tug-of-war finally stopped when Nauka’s thrusters suddenly cut out, for reasons unknown (it probably ran out of fuel). With attitude control regained, the flight controllers were able to right the ship. No further issues have been reported, and the Russian crew is now busy at work integrating the newly arrived 23-ton module.

The video below shows the crew opening the hatch to the new module, followed by a tour of Nauka itself.

That the station rolled 540 degrees rather than 45 degrees is not a big deal, according to NASA.

“The greater degree of rotation doesn’t change the outcome—all other station systems responded normally to the event and resumed regular operations once attitude control was regained,” explained the NASA spokesperson in an email. “Most importantly, the maximum rate at which the attitude change occurred,” the rate of approximately 0.5 degrees per second, “was well within the design limits of station systems and slow enough to go unnoticed by the crew members on board.

Writing in a tweet, Scoville said it was the first time he ever had to declare a spacecraft emergency and that he was never so happy to see all the solar arrays and radiators still attached. Vladimir Solovyov, flight director of the Russian segment of the ISS, said a “short-term software failure” was to blame for the incident, in which a “direct command was mistakenly implemented to turn on the module’s engines for withdrawal, which led to some modification of the orientation of the complex as a whole.”

The mishap forced NASA and Boeing to delay the launch of the CST-100 Starliner to August 3. A technical problem caused yet another delay today, and the launch is now scheduled for August 4, with NASA coverage beginning at 12:57 p.m. EDT.



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