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Tag Archives: Hawaiis
Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano is erupting once again
CNN
—
Weeks after Hawaii’s Mauna Loa erupted for the first time in decades, neighboring volcano Kilauea is showing activity again after a brief pause, according to officials.
Kilauea – which had stopped erupting last month for the first time since September 2021 amid Mauna Loa’s own lava eruption and subsequent slowdown – had increased earthquake activity beneath its summit and recorded ground deformation on Thursday morning, officials said.
“Kilauea volcano is erupting,” the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the US Geological Survey said on Thursday. A glow was detected in nearby webcam images, “indicating that the eruption has resumed within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Kilauea’s summit caldera” at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, the agencies said.
Officials have elevated Kilauea’s volcano alert level to a “warning” status as well as updated its aviation color code from orange to red, the agencies said.
The warning status and red color code are the highest levels of alert, indicating hazardous eruption with significant emission of volcanic ash.
The eruption is occurring within a closed portion of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
“Therefore, high levels of volcanic gas are the primary hazard of concern, as this hazard can have far-reaching effects down-wind,” according to a status report from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. It also warns residents to avoid exposure to volcanic particles that could waft some distance from the eruption.
The National Park Service has posted an air quality alert on its website, warning that unhealthy levels of volcanic pollutants can occur. It includes charts with regular air quality readings, particularly relevant for those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
Visitors to the national park may encounter a “minor hazard,” the status report says.
“Visitors to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park should note that under southerly (non-trade) wind conditions, there is potential for a dusting of powdery to gritty ash composed of volcanic glass and rock fragments.”
The eruption is currently confined to the crater and poses “no threat to communities,” the Hawaii Emergency Management Agency said on social media.
Kilauea’s eruption in 2018 was one of the most destructive in recent Hawaii history, forcing evacuations of surrounding neighborhoods and destroying hundreds of homes.
Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano erupts again, summit crater glows
HONOLULU (AP) — Hawaii’s Kilauea began erupting inside its summit crater Thursday, the U.S. Geological Survey said, less than one month after the volcano and its larger neighbor Mauna Loa stopped releasing lava.
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory detected a glow in webcam images indicating Kilauea had begun erupting inside Halemaumau crater at the volcano’s summit caldera, the agency said.
Kilauea’s summit is inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and away from residential communities.
Kilauea is one of the world’s most active volcanoes. It last erupted for 16 months starting in September 2021. For about two weeks starting Nov. 27, Hawaii had two volcanoes spewing lava side by side when Mauna Loa erupted for the first time in 38 years. Both volcanoes stopped erupting at about the same time.
Earlier Thursday, the U.S. Geological Survey raised the alert level for Kilauea due to signs that magma was moving below the summit surface, an indication that the volcano might erupt.
Scientists just mapped Hawaii’s volcanic underbelly in stunning detail
For decades, a mysterious swarm of earthquakes has rumbled beneath the small town of Pahala near the southern coast of the island of Hawaii. By 2015, the rate of subterranean trembles had ticked up from about seven to 34 quakes per week. And the year after Kilauea’s 2018 eruption—the largest Hawaii has seen in centuries—the quakes reached a feverish pitch.
Nearly 500 earthquakes shook underneath Pahala every week, and the heightened activity hasn’t let up. “We’re like earthquake central down here,” says Lou Daniele, general manager at Ka’u Coffee Mill in Pahala. “It’s just become a constant part of daily life.”
Now scientists have discovered the source of this geologic ruckus: a stack of interconnected features some 22 to 26 miles underground is slowly swelling with molten rock. As pulses of magma intrude into the pancake-shaped structures, known as sills, a cascade of earthquakes rumbles along their length. These pulsing magmatic roots may even provide a conduit that ushers molten rock toward Kilauea and Mauna Loa, two of the largest and most active volcanoes in the world.
“We were freaking out,” says John Wilding, a graduate researcher at the California Institute of Technology and lead author of a new study describing the geologic features in Science. “No one had ever directly observed magmatic activity at this scale before.”
The researchers used machine learning algorithms to search for earthquakes in seismic data from the Hawaii Volcano Observatory’s network of sensors, picking out trembles so small that previous methods missed them. The result is a stunningly detailed portrait of Hawaii’s fiery underworld, which promises to help scientists sort through the geologic processes that drive the island’s volcanoes.
“This is probably going to be the future for volcano science,” says Matt Burgess, a former seismic analyst in Hawaii who has studied the deep earthquakes below Pahala.
Mysterious rumbles from the deep
The Pahala earthquake swarm has been rumbling since at least 1970. The quakes are located in the mantle, the layer of our planet between the crust and core, and most of them are too small and deep to joggle the surface with much force. Instead, the trembles feel more like a rolling or swaying of the ground. Sometimes Ka’u Coffee’s Daniele only realizes that something’s amiss because ripples appear on the surface of his coffee. But in recent years the rattles beneath Pahala have become relentless.
“The seismicity was just continuing to go up and up,” says Ninfa Bennington, a volcano seismologist with the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory who has been tracking the recent surge in activity.
Pahala is thought to sit above the head of a searing column of rock, called a hotspot, that built the Hawaiian Islands. As the Pacific Plate shifts across the stationary hotspot, new volcanoes—and eventually new islands—are born. The 15 volcanoes of the Hawaiian islands are the youngest in a chain of more than 129 that the hotspot has created, most of which have fallen silent and are now hidden beneath the waves.
Past studies have identified likely sources of molten rock below the earthquake swarm and suggested that an upward pulse of magma could be driving the deep rattles. Other studies have detailed the shallow volcanic plumbing. But exactly how molten rock flows up from the depths of the mantle isn’t known.
“We’re essentially missing this big piece,” Bennington says.
The swarm of earthquakes was a chance to get a closer look at the island’s fiery underbelly. While earthquakes can come from many sources, magma or fluid moving through cracks generates telltale seismic rumbles. And as the molten rock shifts, it can stress the ground nearby, causing it to crack and shift, which scientists can also spot in the earthquake data.
By plotting all these quakes in three dimensions—a bit like geologic pointillism—scientists have now sketched out a web of subterranean structures where magma may flow toward the surface, charging volcanic eruptions.
A seismic treasure trove
Amid the surge of earthquake activity in Hawaii, Wilding joined geophysicist Zachary Ross’s research group at Caltech. Ross had been developing methods that detect earthquakes using machine learning algorithms, which can pick out surprisingly small quakes and give stunning views into the spidery web of underground fault zones.
The team applied these methods to 3.5 years’ worth of Hawaiian seismic data, recorded between 2019 and 2022. The system identified nearly 200,000 earthquakes of the swarm, illuminating the stacked sill structures in the upper mantle. The extreme detail even allowed the scientists to track magma as it trickled into a sill, kicking off a cascade of quakes.
When Ross first saw the detail of the geologic structures on his computer screen, he was dumbfounded. “It was kind of just like, oh my God, what are we looking at here?” he says. “It’s just shocking.”
He describes the complex of sills as the “gateway into the system,” providing a means to transport magma horizontally away from the area beneath Pahala. These underground features don’t contain empty space, instead representing a weak zone in the rock where magma has intruded and spread as a molten sheet. The complex links up with a zone of fractures that leads to Kilauea as well as an area that the team believes is connected to Mauna Loa.
There may be more than one route that molten rock follows to the surface, Ross says. He speculates that the sills might even be part of a broader layer of structures under the island that shuttles magma to the different volcanic peaks.
The timing of the deep earthquakes is another hint that the sill structures are connected to volcanoes at the surface. The same day Kilauea erupted in 2020, the sills rumbled with quakes. A similar eruption and spike in deep earthquakes happened in 2021, and Wilding says these eruptions may have released pressure in the magmatic plumbing, drawing more molten rock up from the depths.
Magma highways
The latest study opens new windows into our planet’s fiery depths, exciting scientists about what might come next. “My mind was just blown by the incredible richness of the new earthquake catalog that they developed and how much detail it shows,” says volcanologist Diana Roman of Carnegie Science, who was not part of the study team. “I want more.”
She and other researchers are eager for the team to extend the catalog back to 2015 or earlier for an even more detailed look at the system and its series of fiery fits. A longer catalog might also help explain the 2019 surge in earthquakes, which struck after Kilauea’s eruption the year before piped out some 200 billion gallons of lava.
Roman notes that whether the nearby volcanoes directly tap the magma in the sills remains unknown. She and Burgess published a study last year that suggests an indirect link between eruptions and the swarms of deep quakes. The inflation of magma reservoirs deep under Pahala could compress nearby channels of molten rock that lead to Mauna Loa and Kilauea, like squeezing a tube of toothpaste. Or, Roman says, both processes could be at play.
This summer, Bennington and her colleagues plan to deploy an extensive network of seismic sensors across Kilauea to further fill in the subterranean picture. She says the new study has made her particularly keen to look for signs of magma in the proposed pathways connecting the sills and the nearby volcanoes.
“Each study puts a new piece in … the puzzle,” she says. “They add something really amazing here.”
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"My mind was just blown."","sectionLabels":[{"name":"Science","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science"}],"theme":"Light","tint":"notint","title":"Scientists just mapped Hawaii’s volcanic underbelly in stunning detail","imageSrcLead":[{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=374&h=249","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=748&h=498"},"media":"(max-width: 374px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=413&h=275","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=826&h=550"},"media":"(max-width: 413px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=767&h=511","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=1534&h=1022"},"media":"(max-width: 767px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=1024&h=683","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=2048&h=1366"},"media":"(max-width: 1024px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=1260&h=840","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=2520&h=1680"},"media":"(max-width: 1440px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=1440&h=960","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=2880&h=1920"},"media":"(min-width: 1441px)"}],"imageSrc":[{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935_2x3.jpg?w=374&h=561","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935_2x3.jpg?w=748&h=1122"},"media":"(max-width: 374px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935_2x3.jpg?w=413&h=620","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935_2x3.jpg?w=826&h=1240"},"media":"(max-width: 413px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935_2x3.jpg?w=767&h=1151","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935_2x3.jpg?w=1534&h=2302"},"media":"(max-width: 767px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=1024&h=683","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=2048&h=1366"},"media":"(max-width: 1024px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=1260&h=840","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=2520&h=1680"},"media":"(max-width: 1440px)"},{"sources":{"x1":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=1440&h=960","x2":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/55888d38-e498-425f-879f-1e2db4fb28dc/F0G935.jpg?w=2880&h=1920"},"media":"(min-width: 1441px)"}]}]},{"id":"natgeo-template1-frame-1-module-1","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"dvdr":{"hideLogo":true},"cmsType":"ArticleBodyTile","id":"natgeo-template1-frame-1-module-1","bdy":[{"id":"html0","cntnt":{"mrkup":"For decades, a mysterious swarm of earthquakes has rumbled beneath the small town of Pahala near the southern coast of the island of Hawaii. By 2015, the rate of subterranean trembles had ticked up from about seven to 34 quakes per week. And the year after Kilauea's 2018 eruption—the largest Hawaii has seen in centuries—the quakes reached a feverish pitch."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html1","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Nearly 500 earthquakes shook underneath Pahala every week, and the heightened activity hasn't let up. "We're like earthquake central down here," says Lou Daniele, general manager at Ka'u Coffee Mill in Pahala. "It's just become a constant part of daily life.""},"type":"p"},{"id":"html2","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Now scientists have discovered the source of this geologic ruckus: a stack of interconnected features some 22 to 26 miles underground is slowly swelling with molten rock. As pulses of magma intrude into the pancake-shaped structures, known as sills, a cascade of earthquakes rumbles along their length. These pulsing magmatic roots may even provide a conduit that ushers molten rock toward Kilauea and Mauna Loa, two of the largest and most active volcanoes in the world."},"type":"p"},{"id":"faaa490d-ef57-432c-9a9e-87fca9bf8e0a","cntnt":{"src":"https://interactives.natgeofe.com/high-touch/ngm-22-3d-volcano/builds/main/html/_graphic.html","cmsType":"source","ariaLabel":"source","altTxt":"A view of the Big Island rotates to show its underground volcanic roots going down 38 miles.","belowParagraph":true,"envNme":"prod","qryStr":"forceMode=fitt","mrkup":"","placement":"inline"},"type":"inline"},{"id":"html3","cntnt":{"mrkup":""We were freaking out," says John Wilding, a graduate researcher at the California Institute of Technology and lead author of a new study describing the geologic features in Science. "No one had ever directly observed magmatic activity at this scale before.""},"type":"p"},{"id":"html4","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The researchers used machine learning algorithms to search for earthquakes in seismic data from the Hawaii Volcano Observatory's network of sensors, picking out trembles so small that previous methods missed them. The result is a stunningly detailed portrait of Hawaii’s fiery underworld, which promises to help scientists sort through the geologic processes that drive the island’s volcanoes."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html5","cntnt":{"mrkup":""This is probably going to be the future for volcano science," says Matt Burgess, a former seismic analyst in Hawaii who has studied the deep earthquakes below Pahala."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html6","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Mysterious rumbles from the deep"},"type":"h2"},{"id":"html7","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The Pahala earthquake swarm has been rumbling since at least 1970. The quakes are located in the mantle, the layer of our planet between the crust and core, and most of them are too small and deep to joggle the surface with much force. Instead, the trembles feel more like a rolling or swaying of the ground. Sometimes Ka'u Coffee's Daniele only realizes that something's amiss because ripples appear on the surface of his coffee. But in recent years the rattles beneath Pahala have become relentless."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html8","cntnt":{"mrkup":""The seismicity was just continuing to go up and up," says Ninfa Bennington, a volcano seismologist with the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory who has been tracking the recent surge in activity."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html9","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Pahala is thought to sit above the head of a searing column of rock, called a hotspot, that built the Hawaiian Islands. As the Pacific Plate shifts across the stationary hotspot, new volcanoes—and eventually new islands—are born. The 15 volcanoes of the Hawaiian islands are the youngest in a chain of more than 129 that the hotspot has created, most of which have fallen silent and are now hidden beneath the waves."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html10","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Past studies have identified likely sources of molten rock below the earthquake swarm and suggested that an upward pulse of magma could be driving the deep rattles. Other studies have detailed the shallow volcanic plumbing. But exactly how molten rock flows up from the depths of the mantle isn't known."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html11","cntnt":{"mrkup":""We're essentially missing this big piece," Bennington says."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html12","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The swarm of earthquakes was a chance to get a closer look at the island's fiery underbelly. While earthquakes can come from many sources, magma or fluid moving through cracks generates telltale seismic rumbles. And as the molten rock shifts, it can stress the ground nearby, causing it to crack and shift, which scientists can also spot in the earthquake data."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html13","cntnt":{"mrkup":"By plotting all these quakes in three dimensions—a bit like geologic pointillism—scientists have now sketched out a web of subterranean structures where magma may flow toward the surface, charging volcanic eruptions."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html14","cntnt":{"mrkup":"A seismic treasure trove"},"type":"h2"},{"id":"html15","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Amid the surge of earthquake activity in Hawaii, Wilding joined geophysicist Zachary Ross's research group at Caltech. Ross had been developing methods that detect earthquakes using machine learning algorithms, which can pick out surprisingly small quakes and give stunning views into the spidery web of underground fault zones."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html16","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The team applied these methods to 3.5 years’ worth of Hawaiian seismic data, recorded between 2019 and 2022. The system identified nearly 200,000 earthquakes of the swarm, illuminating the stacked sill structures in the upper mantle. The extreme detail even allowed the scientists to track magma as it trickled into a sill, kicking off a cascade of quakes."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html17","cntnt":{"mrkup":"When Ross first saw the detail of the geologic structures on his computer screen, he was dumbfounded. "It was kind of just like, oh my God, what are we looking at here?" he says. "It's just shocking.""},"type":"p"},{"id":"html18","cntnt":{"mrkup":"He describes the complex of sills as the "gateway into the system," providing a means to transport magma horizontally away from the area beneath Pahala. These underground features don't contain empty space, instead representing a weak zone in the rock where magma has intruded and spread as a molten sheet. The complex links up with a zone of fractures that leads to Kilauea as well as an area that the team believes is connected to Mauna Loa."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html19","cntnt":{"mrkup":"There may be more than one route that molten rock follows to the surface, Ross says. He speculates that the sills might even be part of a broader layer of structures under the island that shuttles magma to the different volcanic peaks."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html20","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The timing of the deep earthquakes is another hint that the sill structures are connected to volcanoes at the surface. The same day Kilauea erupted in 2020, the sills rumbled with quakes. A similar eruption and spike in deep earthquakes happened in 2021, and Wilding says these eruptions may have released pressure in the magmatic plumbing, drawing more molten rock up from the depths."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html21","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Magma highways "},"type":"h2"},{"id":"html22","cntnt":{"mrkup":"The latest study opens new windows into our planet's fiery depths, exciting scientists about what might come next. "My mind was just blown by the incredible richness of the new earthquake catalog that they developed and how much detail it shows," says volcanologist Diana Roman of Carnegie Science, who was not part of the study team. "I want more.""},"type":"p"},{"id":"html23","cntnt":{"mrkup":"She and other researchers are eager for the team to extend the catalog back to 2015 or earlier for an even more detailed look at the system and its series of fiery fits. A longer catalog might also help explain the 2019 surge in earthquakes, which struck after Kilauea's eruption the year before piped out some 200 billion gallons of lava."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html24","cntnt":{"mrkup":"Roman notes that whether the nearby volcanoes directly tap the magma in the sills remains unknown. She and Burgess published a study last year that suggests an indirect link between eruptions and the swarms of deep quakes. The inflation of magma reservoirs deep under Pahala could compress nearby channels of molten rock that lead to Mauna Loa and Kilauea, like squeezing a tube of toothpaste. Or, Roman says, both processes could be at play."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html25","cntnt":{"mrkup":"This summer, Bennington and her colleagues plan to deploy an extensive network of seismic sensors across Kilauea to further fill in the subterranean picture. She says the new study has made her particularly keen to look for signs of magma in the proposed pathways connecting the sills and the nearby volcanoes."},"type":"p"},{"id":"html26","cntnt":{"mrkup":""Each study puts a new piece in … the puzzle," she says. "They add something really amazing here.""},"type":"p"}],"cid":"drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:1c645103-338a-4d48-af90-691b1eae087d","cntrbGrp":[{"contributors":[{"displayName":"Maya Wei-Haas"}],"title":"By","rl":"Writer"}],"mode":"richtext","enableAds":true,"endbug":true,"hsImmrsvLd":true,"isMetered":true,"isUserAuthed":false,"mdDt":"2022-12-22T19:07:16.336Z","readTime":"8 min read","schma":{"athrs":[{"name":"Maya Wei-Haas"}],"cnnicl":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/scientists-mapped-hawaiis-volcanic-underbelly-in-stunning-detail","kywrds":"kilauea, mauna loa, pahala, sill","lg":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/default.NG.logo.dark.jpg","pblshr":"National Geographic","abt":"Volcanoes","sclDsc":"A groundbreaking seismic study has uncovered a vast web of magma reservoirs some 25 miles beneath Hawaii. 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Hawaii’s Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, erupting for first time in almost 40 years
Hawaii’s Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, started erupting Sunday night and lava was flowing from its summit by Monday morning, the U.S. Geological Survey said. The lava wasn’t expected to threaten populated areas, officials said.
“Lava flows are not threatening any downslope communities and all indications are that the eruption will remain in the Northeast Rift Zone,” the USGS said in a statement.
At a Monday afternoon press conference, Hawaii Volcano Observatory Scientist in Charge Ken Hon said officials don’t expect the lava flow to reach the Southeast Rift Zone, where there are more inhabitants.
“As far as we know, in any historic precedence that there has never been an eruption of Mauna Loa that activated both rift zones at the same time or during the same eruption,” Han said. “So we presume at this point that all of the future activity is gonna be on the Northeast Rift Zone and not on the Southeast Rift Zone. So those residents in that area do not have to worry about lava flows.”
U.S. Geological Survey via AP
Mauna Loa has erupted 33 times since 1843, according to the USGS. It last erupted in 1984, when lava spilled down its slopes and came within 4.5 miles of Hilo.
Hon said the lava flow is very similar to the lava flow from the 1984 eruption and could potentially threaten populated areas around Hilo
“We’re looking for somewhere around a week before we expect lava to get anywhere near that direction,” he said. “We’re hoping that it will parallel the 1984 eruption in becoming more viscous as times goes on and hitting flatter slopes that slow it down, and this actually prevented the lava from getting into Hilo.”
He added that “only a couple of eruptions” have made it into the outskirts and reached Hilo.
“We’re hoping that while this lava flow will be a big, spectacular event, it occupies a fairly small proportion of the island, and hopefully it will have relatively minor effects on the residents and visitors of the island,” Hon said.
Still, the agency warned all residents on Hawaii Island who are “at risk from Mauna Loa lava flows” to “review preparedness and refer to Hawai’i County Civil Defense information for further guidance.”
The early stages of an eruption can be dynamic, the agency warned, adding that “lava flows can change rapidly.”
Residents were also warned volcanic gas, ash and thin glass fibers known as Pele’s hair could be carried downwind.
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory said it was “in close consultation with emergency management partners and will be monitoring the volcano closely to provide further updates on activity.”
Major General Ken Hara, adjutant general for the State of Hawaii, Department of Defense, said Monday afternoon that the Hawaiin Emergency Management Agency had activated its emergency operation center at 1 a.m. Hara added that the Hawaii National Guard was on standby, although nobody had been activated as of 1:15 p.m. local time.
A satellite captured images of Sunday’s eruption from space. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration posted images of the heat signature and release of sulfur dioxide from the volcano.
In response to the eruption, Southwest Airlines canceled 10 interisland flights between Hilo, the island’s biggest city, and Honolulu, the carrier told CBS News. Hawaiian Airlines said it was still operating on the island in Hilo and Kona while monitoring the eruption, and Untied Airlines reported no delays or cancellations Monday morning.
Mauna Loa’s Hawaiian name means “long mountain,” which is fitting as the huge mountain extends roughly 74 miles from its edge along Hawaii Island’s southern coast, to the rim of its summit caldera, or crater, where the eruption began on Sunday evening.
USGS
Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano starts erupting: Live updates
HONOLULU (AP) — Waves of orange, glowing lava and smoky ash erupted Monday from the world’s largest active volcano and people living on Hawaii’s Big Island were warned to be ready if their communities are threatened.
The eruption of Mauna Loa wasn’t immediately endangering towns, but officials told residents to be ready to evacuate if lava flows started heading toward populated areas.
Many now living in the area weren’t around when Mauna Loa last erupted 38 years ago. The U.S. Geological Survey warned the roughly 200,000 people on the Big Island that an eruption “can be very dynamic, and the location and advance of lava flows can change rapidly.”
Lifelong Big Island resident Bobby Camara, who lives in Volcano Village, said everyone across the island should be alert and keep track of the eruption.
“I think everybody should be a little bit concerned,” he said. “We don’t know where the flow is going, we don’t know how long it’s going to last.”
He said he’s seen three Mauna Loa eruptions in his lifetime and knows that people need to be vigilant.
The eruption began late Sunday night following a series of fairly large earthquakes, said Ken Hon, the scientist-in-charge at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
Gunner Mench, who owns an art gallery in Kamuela, said he awoke shortly after midnight and saw an alert on his phone about the eruption.
Mench and his wife, Ellie, ventured out to film the eruption’s eerie red glow over the island and watched as the lava spilled down the side of the volcano.
“You could see it spurting up into the air, over the edge of this depression,” Mench said.
“Right now it’s just entertainment, but the concern is” it could reach populated areas, he said.
There’s been a surge of development on the Big Island in recent decades — its population has more than doubled, from 92,000 in 1980.
More than a third of the island’s residents live either in the city of Kailua-Kona to the west of the volcano, which has about 23,000 people, and Hilo to the east, with about 45,000. Officials were most worried about several subdivisions about 30 miles (50 kilometers) to the south of the volcano, which are home to about 5,000 people.
A time-lapse video of the eruption from overnight showed lava lighting up one area, moving across it like waves on the ocean.
The U.S. Geological Survey said that the eruption had migrated to a rift zone on the volcano’s northeast flank. Rift zones are where the mountain rock is cracked and relatively weak — making it easier for magma to emerge.
An eruption from the northeast could send lava toward the county seat of Hilo or other towns in East Hawaii but it could take the lava weeks or months to reach populated areas. It’s possible the eruption may later shift to a rift zone on the southwest flank. Lava emerging from this area could reach nearby communities in hours or days.
“We don’t want to try and second-guess the volcano,” Hon said. “We have to let it actually show us what it’s going to do and then we inform people of what is happening ASAP.”
Hawaii County Civil Defense announced that it had opened shelters because it had reports of people evacuating from along the coast on their own initiative.
The average Mauna Loa eruption is not typically prolonged, lasting a couple of weeks, Hon said.
“Typically, Mauna Loa eruptions start off with the heaviest volume first,” Hon said. “After a few days, it starts to calm down a little bit.”
The USGS warned residents who could be threatened by Mauna Loa lava flows to review their eruption preparations. Scientists had been on alert because of a recent spike in earthquakes at the summit of the volcano, which last erupted in 1984.
Portions of the Big Island were under an ashfall advisory issued by the National Weather Service in Honolulu, which said up to a quarter-inch (0.6 centimeters) of ash could accumulate in some areas.
Mauna Loa is one of five volcanoes that together make up the Big Island of Hawaii, which is the southernmost island in the Hawaiian archipelago.
Mauna Loa, rising 13,679 feet (4,169 meters) above sea level, is the much larger neighbor of Kilauea, which erupted in a residential neighborhood and destroyed 700 homes in 2018. Some of Mauna Loa’s slopes are much steeper than Kilauea’s, so lava can flow much faster when it erupts.
During a 1950 eruption, the mountain’s lava traveled 15 miles (24 kilometers) to the ocean in fewer than three hours.
Tourism is Hawaii’s economic engine but Big Island Mayor Mitch Roth predicted few problems for those on vacation during the eruption.
“It will be spectacular where it is, but the chances of it really interrupting the visitor industry — very, very slim,” he said.
For some, the eruption might cut down on some travel time, even if there is more volcanic smog caused by higher sulfur-dioxide emissions.
“But the good thing is you don’t have to drive from Kona over to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park to see an eruption anymore,” Roth said. “You can just look out your window at night and you’ll be able to see Mauna Loa erupting.”
Julia Neal, owner of Pahala Plantation Cottages, said the eruption brings some relief after many preparedness meetings, and much wondering about what the volcano will do.
“It’s exciting,” she said. “It’s kind of a relief that it’s happening and we’re not waiting for it to happen.”
A few future guests from the U.S. mainland called Neal “asking me to make a prediction, which I can’t,” she said. “So I said, just stand by.”
___
Associated Press writers Jennifer Kelleher in Honolulu, Alina Hartounian in Phoenix and Mark Thiessen in Anchorage, Alaska, contributed to this report.
Hawaii’s Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, erupting for first time in almost 40 years
Hawaii’s Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, started erupting Sunday night, the U.S. Geological Survey said as it raised the alert level for the volcano from an “advisory” to a “warning.”
“At this time, lava flows are contained within the summit area and are not threatening downslope communities,” the USGS said in its alert notice, issued in conjunction with the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. But it noted that, “based on past events, the early stages of a Mauna Loa eruption can be very dynamic and the location and advance of lava flows can change rapidly.”
USGS
Should the eruption spread outside the walls of Mauna Loa’s summit caldera, or crater, “lava flows may move rapidly downslope.”
For that reason, the agency warned all residents on Hawai’i Island who are “at risk from Mauna Loa lava flows” to “review preparedness and refer to Hawai’i County Civil Defense information for further guidance. “
Mauna Loa has erupted 33 times since 1843, according to the USGS. It last erupted in 1984, when lava spilled down its slopes and came within 4.5 miles of the island’s biggest town, Hilo.
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory said it was “in close consultation with emergency management partners and will be monitoring the volcano closely to provide further updates on activity.”
kelly/ @MAGAHAWAII/ via REUTERS
The observatory planned to carry out an overflight of the volcano “as soon as possible” to determine the nature of the eruption and “assess hazards.”
Mauna Loa’s Hawaiian name means “long mountain,” which is fitting as the huge mountain extends roughly 74 miles from its edge along Hawai’i Island’s southern coast, to the rim of the caldera where the eruption began on Sunday evening.
Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano begins eruption, alert level raised – USGS
Nov 28 (Reuters) – An eruption began in the summit caldera of Hawaii’s Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, on Sunday night, the U.S. Geological Service’s (USGS) volcanic activity service said.
“At this time, lava flows are contained within the summit area and are not threatening downslope communities,” the notification said.
However, the notification warned, based on previous events, that the early eruption stages of this volcano can be very dynamic and the location and advance of lava flows can change rapidly.
The volcano alert level was upgraded from an “advisory” to a “warning.”
The notification added that the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) would conduct aerial reconnaissance as soon as possible to assess hazards and better describe the eruption.
Over a dozen earthquakes of more than 2.5 magnitude struck the region in the last two hours, according to the USGS, with one measuring 4.2 in magnitude.
Mauna Loa, which takes up more than half of the Big Island in Hawaii, and rises 13,679 feet (4,169 meters) above the Pacific Ocean, last erupted in March and April of 1984, sending a flow of lava within 5 miles (8.05 km) of the city of Hilo.
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Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano is erupting, prompting an ashfall advisory for the Big Island
CNN
—
An ashfall advisory is in effect Monday for Hawaii’s Big Island and surrounding waters until 6 a.m. HST (11 a.m. ET) after Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, began erupting in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Up to a quarter inch of ashfall could accumulate on portions of the island.
“People with respiratory illnesses should remain indoors to avoid inhaling the ash particles and anyone outside should cover their mouth and nose with a mask or cloth,” the National Weather Service in Honolulu warned.
“Possible harm to crops and animals. Minor equipment and infrastructure damage. Reduced visibility. Widespread clean-up may be necessary,” it added.
The eruption is not threatening downhill communities or flights to the Island of Hawaii, the Hawaii Tourism Authority tweeted Monday morning.
Lava flows are contained in the summit area and do not threaten downslope communities, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory said. Winds may carry volcanic gas and fine ash downwind.
“Based on past events, the early stages of a Mauna Loa eruption can be very dynamic and the location and advance of lava flows can change rapidly,” the observatory said, adding, “If the eruption remains in Moku’āweoweo, lava flows will most likely be confined within the caldera walls.
“However, if the eruptive vents migrate outside its walls, lava flows may move rapidly downslope.”
The eruption began in Moku’āweoweo, the summit caldera of Mauna Loa, on Sunday around 11:30 p.m. HST (4:30 a.m. ET Monday), according to the observatory.
Mauna Loa, which covers half the island of Hawaii, has erupted 33 times since 1843, the volcano’s first “well-documented historical eruption,” according to the US Geological Survey. It last erupted in 1984, making this prolonged quiet period the volcano’s longest in recorded history.
The volcano has recently been in a heightened state of unrest, per the agency, which pointed in an update late last month to elevated seismic activity and increased earthquake rates.
Earthquake activity increased from five to 10 earthquakes a day since June 2022 to some 10 to 20 earthquakes a day in July and August, according to the US Geological Survey. Peak numbers of more than 100 earthquakes a day were recorded on September 23 and September 29, CNN has reported.
The increased activity prompted Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in October to close the Mauna Loa summit to all backcountry hikers until further notice, though the US National Park Service said the main section of the park has remained open.
Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly stated the Eastern Time equivalents for the ashfall advisory and eruption.
Hawaii’s Big Island gets warning as huge volcano rumbles
HONOLULU (AP) — Hawaii officials are warning residents of the Big Island that the world’s largest active volcano, Mauna Loa, is sending signals that it may erupt.
Scientists say an eruption isn’t imminent, but they are on alert because of a recent spike in earthquakes at the volcano’s summit. Experts say it would take just a few hours for lava to reach homes closest to vents on the volcano, which last erupted in 1984.
Hawaii’s civil defense agency is holding meetings across the island to educate residents about how to prepare for a possible emergency. They recommend having a ″go″ bag with food, identifying a place to stay once they leave home and making a plan for reuniting with family members.
“Not to panic everybody, but they have to be aware of that you live on the slopes of Mauna Loa. There’s a potential for some kind of lava disaster,” said Talmadge Magno, the administrator for Hawaii County Civil Defense.
The volcano makes up 51% of the Hawaii Island landmass, so a large portion of the island has the potential to be affected by an eruption, Magno said.
There’s been a surge of development on the Big Island in recent decades — its population has more than doubled to 200,000 today from 92,000 in 1980 — and many newer residents weren’t around when Mauna Loa last erupted 38 years ago. All the more reason why Magno said officials are spreading the word about the science of the volcano and urging people to be prepared.
Mauna Loa, rising 13,679 feet (4,169 meters) above sea level, is the much larger neighbor to Kilauea volcano, which erupted in a residential neighborhood and destroyed 700 homes in 2018. Some of its slopes are much steeper than Kilauea’s so when it erupts, its lava can flow much faster.
During a 1950 eruption, the mountain’s lava traveled 15 miles (24 kilometers) to the ocean in less than three hours.
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, which is part of the U.S. Geological Survey, said Mauna Loa has been in a state of “heightened unrest” since the middle of last month when the number of summit earthquakes jumped from 10 to 20 per day to 40 to 50 per day.
Scientists believe more earthquakes are occurring because more magma is flowing into Mauna Loa’s summit reservoir system from the hot spot under the earth’s surface that feeds molten rock to Hawaii’s volcanoes.
The temblors have declined in frequency in recent days but could rise again.
More than 220 people attended a community meeting last weekend that county civil defense officials held in Ocean View, a neighborhood that lava could reach in hours if molten rock erupts through vents on Mauna Loa’s southwest flank.
Bob Werner, an Ocean View resident who didn’t attend the meeting, said it’s wise to be aware of a possible eruption but not to fear it. He’s not concerned that the neighborhood would be completely cut off, if lava flows across the only road connecting it to the bigger towns of Kailua-Kona and Hilo, where many people do their shopping.
The “greater concern is it will be extremely annoying to drive an extra hour or two hours to get the same stuff,” he said.
Ryan Williams, the owner of the Margarita Village bar in Hilo, said the volcanic unrest wasn’t worrying customers who are used to warnings.
There could still be a heightened sense of urgency since officials have been holding town hall meetings, urging people to prepare.
“But everything I’ve read or heard, they trying to kind of assure people that conditions have not changed,” Williams said. “There’s no imminent eruption, but just to be alert.”
Magno said his agency is talking to residents now because communities closest to vents likely wouldn’t have enough time to learn how to respond and prepare once the observatory raises its alert level to “watch,” which means an eruption is imminent.
The current alert level is “advisory” meaning the volcano is showing signs of unrest yet there’s no indication an eruption is likely or certain.
Residents in other parts of the island would have more time to react.
Lava from Mauna Loa’s northeast flank could take days or weeks to reach residential communities. That’s because the mountain’s slopes on that side are relatively gentle and because towns are farther from volcanic vents.
Frank Trusdell, research geologist at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, said all of Mauna Loa’s eruptions in recorded history have started in its summit crater. About half of them stayed there, while the other half later spewed lava from vents lower down the mountain.
Lava erupting from the summit generally doesn’t travel far enough to reach residential areas.
Mauna Loa has erupted 33 times since 1843. It last erupted in 1984 when lava flowed down its eastern flank only to stop 4.5 miles (7.2 kilometers) short of Hilo, the Big Island’s most populous town.
Mauna Loa also has a history of disgorging huge volumes of lava.
In the 1950 eruption, which lasted for 23 days, Mauna Loa released 1,000 cubic meters (1,307 cubic yards) of lava per second. In contrast, Kilauea released 300 cubic meters (392 cubic yards) per second in 2018.
The earthquakes could continue for a while before any eruption: increased seismic activity lasted for a year before a 1975 eruption and a year-and-a-half before the 1984 one. Alternatively, the temblors could subside and Mauna Loa may not erupt this time.
Trusdell said residents should look at his agency’s maps and learn how quickly lava may show up in their neighborhood. He also urged people living in one of the short-notice areas to pay attention if the summit turns red.
“All you got to do is look up there and see the glow. You grab your stuff, throw it in the car and drive. Go!” he said.
They can always go home after if the lava ultimately doesn’t flow into their neighborhood, he said.
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Associated Press Writer Mark Thiessen contributed to this report from Anchorage, Alaska.