Results

The distribution of DALYs arising from outcomes associated with alcohol by GBD super-region, age, and sex for 2020 are shown in figure 2. The TMREL and NDE by region, age, and sex for 2020 are shown in figure 3. Overall, we found that the TMREL remained low regardless of geography, age, sex, or time, varying between 0 (95% UI 0–0) and 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day. As a result of the differences in the cause distributions across world regions, both the TMREL and NDE varied by region. The TMREL and NDE did not vary significantly by sex or year. There was significant variation in the TMREL and the NDE across ages, with younger age groups having much lower TMREL and NDE levels than older adults. In 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (0–0) and 0·603 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day among individuals aged 15–39 years and between 0·114 (0–0·403) and 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day among individuals aged 40 years and older. The NDE varied between 0·002 (0–0) and 1·75 (0·698–4·30) standard drinks per day among individuals aged 15–39 years and between 0·193 (0–0·900) and 6·94 (3·40–8·30) standard drinks per day among individuals aged 40 years and older. This result was mainly driven by differences in the major causes of death and disease burden across ages, as seen in figure 2. Overall, we did not observe any significant differences in the TMREL and NDE between males and females in any age group. In all super-regions, among individuals aged 15–39 years, injuries accounted for the majority of alcohol-related DALYs in 2020. Globally, in this age range, all injuries accounted for 66·3% (95% UI 65·1–67·5) of alcohol-related DALYs for males and 47·9% (46·0–49·8) of alcohol-related DALYs for females; transport injuries comprised 25·9% (25·0–27·0) of alcohol-related DALYs among males and 12·7% (12·0–13·4) among females, self-harm comprised 11·7% (10·1–13·3) of alcohol-related DALYs among males and 12·3% (10·8–13·8) among females, and interpersonal violence comprised 12·4% (11·8–13·0) of alcohol-related DALYs among males and 6·70% (5·90–7·69) among females. The TMREL among males aged 15–39 years in 2020 was 0·136 (0–0·400) standard drinks per day. Among females aged 15–39 years in 2020, the TMREL was 0·273 (0–0·500) standard drinks per day. The NDE was 0·249 (0–1·00) standard drinks per day among males and 0·546 (0–1·30) standard drinks per day among females. The differences in the TMREL and the NDE between females and males were not statistically significant.

In individuals aged 40–64 years, the health outcomes contributing to the alcohol-related burden shifted to chronic health conditions, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this population, ischaemic heart disease comprised 24·1% (95% UI 23·0–25·3) of alcohol-related DALYs among males and 19·5% (18·0–21·0) among females, and intracerebral haemorrhage comprised 10·3% (9·61–10·9) of alcohol-related DALYs among males and 11·7% (10·7–12·8) among females, whereas injuries, such as transport or unintentional injuries, remained significant sources of burden, comprising 23·0% (21·7–24·4) of alcohol-related DALYs among males and 16·7% (15·3–18·3) of alcohol-related DALYs among females. Health outcomes for which moderate alcohol use is associated with a lower risk constituted an increasing portion of the cause distribution in this age group, resulting in a higher TMREL and NDE than in individuals aged 15–39 years. The global TMREL among individuals aged 40–64 years in 2020 was 0·527 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day among males and 0·562 (0·400–0·800) standard drinks per day among females. The global NDE in 2020 was 1·69 (0·800–3·20) standard drinks per day among males and 1·82 (1·00–3·10) standard drinks per day among females. As in the younger age group, the differences in the TMREL and the NDE between females and males aged 40–64 years were not statistically significant.

Among individuals aged 65 years and older, the major causes of disease burden were cardiovascular diseases. In 2020, ischaemic heart disease was responsible for 31·5% (95% UI 30·3–32·7) of all alcohol-related DALYs among males and 29·7% (28·2–31·2) among females, intracerebral haemorrhage was responsible for 11·6% (10·9–12·4) of all alcohol-related DALYs among males and 10·9% (10·1–11·8) among females, and ischaemic stroke was responsible for 14·2% (13·5–14·9) of all alcohol-related DALYs among males and 16·0% (15·2–16·7) among females. As a result, in this population the TMREL was higher than in the younger age groups and was estimated to be 0·636 (0·500–1·00) standard drinks per day among males and 0·656 (0·500–1·00) standard drinks per day among females, whereas the NDE was estimated to be 3·19 (1·50–5·20) standard drinks per day among males and 3·51 (1·70–5·50) standard drinks per day among females. The differences in the TMREL and the NDE between males and females aged 65 years and older were not significant.

The distribution of the causes of disease burden for a given age group varied substantially across regions, resulting in regional variations in TMRELs and NDEs, particularly in individuals aged 40 years and older. For example, among individuals aged 55–59 years in north Africa and the Middle East, 30·7% (95% UI 27·3–34·6) of alcohol-related DALYs were due to cardiovascular disease, 12·6% (11·0–14·3) were due to cancers, and 0·37% (0·27–0·55) were due to tuberculosis. By contrast, in this same age group in central sub-Saharan Africa, 20·1% (17·2–23·8) of alcohol-related DALYs were due to cardiovascular disease, 9·80% (8·31–11·7) were due to cancers, and 10·1% (6·03–14·1) were due to tuberculosis. As a result, the TMRELs for this age group were 0·876 (0·500–2·00) standard drinks per day in north Africa and the Middle East and 0·596 (0·300–2·00) standard drinks per day in central sub-Saharan Africa. The NDEs also varied, with an NDE of 3·89 (1·50–5·90) standard drinks per day in north Africa and the Middle East and 1·53 (0·600–4·70) standard drinks per day in central sub-Saharan Africa. The TMRELs and NDEs for each region by age and sex for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 are shown in appendix 2 (pp 3–31).

The distribution of the major causes of DALYs varied slightly between sexes, with injuries making up a larger share of distributions for males than for females. This resulted in mean TMRELs and NDEs that were larger among females compared to males of the same region, age, and year. When taking uncertainty into account, these differences were not significant. However, a larger proportion of males compared to females consume alcohol, and their average level of consumption is also significantly higher. As a result, young males stood out as the group with the highest level of harmful alcohol consumption (figure 4).

Globally, 1·03 billion (95% UI 0·851–1·19) males (35·1% [29·1–40·7] of the male population aged ≥15 years) and 312 million (199–432) females (10·5% [6·72–14·6] of the female population aged ≥15 years) consumed alcohol in amounts exceeding the NDE in 2020; the number and proportion of people consuming alcohol in excess of the NDE, along with the percentage change since 1990 in the proportion of people consuming alcohol in excess of the NDE, by age group, sex, and location is reported in table 1. Since 1990, the global proportion of drinkers consuming alcohol in excess of the NDE has not changed significantly. Although the proportion of the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol stayed at the same level over the past three decades, the number of people consuming harmful amounts of alcohol increased from 983 million (718–1190) in 1990 to 1·34 billion (1·06–1·62) in 2020, driven by population growth. Overall, among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 76·9% (73·0–81·3) were male.

Table 1Number and proportion of population consuming in excess of the non-drinker equivalence, and percentage change since 1990 by country, age group, and sex, for 2020

Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals. All data are presented to three significant figures.

Harmful consumption was predominantly concentrated among individuals aged 15–39 years, who had the lowest TMRELs and NDEs (figure 4). Of the 1·34 billion (95% UI 1·06–1·62) individuals consuming alcohol in excess of the NDE in 2020, 59·1% (54·3–65·4) were aged 15–39 years. Of these, 75·5% (70·3–80·7) were male (595 million [489–658]). Australasia (83·2% [71·1–86·9]), western Europe (79·3% [67·1–84·5]), and central Europe (78·3% [68·1–83·5]) had the highest percentages of males aged 15–39 years consuming harmful amounts of alcohol (table 1). Among females in the same age group, Australasia (77·7% [65·3–82·0]), western Europe (64·3% [44·3–73·6]), and southern Latin America (59·0% [42·0–67·8]) had the highest rates of harmful alcohol consumption. By contrast, only 6·55% (4·79–8·43) of individuals consuming alcohol in excess of the NDE globally were older than 65 years (appendix 2 pp 54–83). Between 1990 and 2019, 14 countries had significant increases in the prevalence of harmful alcohol consumption, 55 countries had significant decreases, and in 135 countries the prevalence did not change significantly (table 1).

Importantly, these results were not sensitive to our approach to constructing the weighted attributable-cause relative risk curves that are used to calculate the TMREL and NDE. The TMREL and NDE for each of the sensitivity scenarios are shown in appendix 2 (pp 39–41). By including additional risk to health from alcohol use disorders and alcoholic cardiomyopathy, which are 100% attributable to alcohol use, the TMREL decreased by an average of 0·058 (95% UI 0·00–0·30) standard drinks per day in scenario A (for alcohol use disorder and alcoholic cardiomyopathy, relative risks linearly increase with consumption to a maximum relative risk of three at four standard drinks per day, at which point they plateau through ten standard drinks), 0·092 (0·00–0·50) standard drinks per day in scenario B (relative risks linearly increase with consumption to a maximum of five, at four standard drinks per day for alcohol use disorder and alcoholic cardiomyopathy), and 0·146 (0·00–0·60) standard drinks per day in scenario C (relative risks linearly increase with consumption to a maximum of 10, at four standard drinks per day for alcohol use disorder and alcoholic cardiomyopathy), whereas the NDE decreased by an average of 0·188 (0·00–0·90) standard drinks per day in scenario A, 0·310 (0·00–1·30) standard drinks per day in scenario B, and 0·508 (0·00–2·10) standard drinks per day in scenario C. The greatest differences were observed in males in eastern Europe, where alcohol use disorder is especially prevalent, as well as in individuals aged 30–54 years, among whom DALY rates from alcohol use disorder are the greatest (appendix 2 pp 39–41; Bryazka D, unpublished).

Our results were not sensitive to the changes in relative risk estimates for the five updated outcomes, compared to the entire set of relative risk estimates published in GBD 2016 (appendix 2 pp 43–53).

¹

• Griswold MG
• Fullman N
• Hawley C
• et al.

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

The global, age-standardised, both-sexes TMREL based on the full set of GBD 2016 relative risk estimates and GBD 2020 DALY rates was 0·534 (95% UI 0·00–1·00) standard drinks per day, compared to 0·511 (0·400–0·700) standard drinks per day based on the GBD 2020 relative risk estimates and GBD 2020 DALY rates, whereas the previously published global, age-standardised, both-sexes TMREL was 0·00 (0·00–0·80) standard drinks per day in 2016 based on GBD 2016 relative risk estimates and GBD 2016 DALY rates (table 2).

¹

• Griswold MG
• Fullman N
• Hawley C
• et al.

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Table 2Global, age-standardised, both-sexes theoretical minimum risk exposure level and non-drinker equivalence estimates based on various iterations of GBD estimates

Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals. Data are reported to three significant figures. GBD=Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. DALY=disability-adjusted life-year. NA=not applicable.

GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators

Dana Bryazka, Marissa B Reitsma, Max G Griswold, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, E S Abhilash, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Giovanni Addolorato, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Kishor Adhikari, Sangeet Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Md Zakiul Alam, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Yousef Alimohamadi, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Kasim Allel, Jordi Alonso, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Sohrab Amiri, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Jalal Arabloo, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Zahra Aryan, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Olatunde O Ayinde, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Azzam, Ashish D Badiye, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Awraris Hailu Balchut/Bilchut, Tilxrnighausen, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Luis Belo, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Elena A Elena Blokhina, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andre R Brunoni, Zahid A Butt, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Nicolas Cherbuin, Dinh-Toi Chu, Nandita Chudal, Sheng-Chia Chung, Chuchu Churko, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Simona Costanzo, Richard G Cowden, Michael H Criqui, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Beniam Darge Daniel, Anna Danielewicz, Jiregna Darega Gela, Kairat Davletov, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Andreas K Demetriades, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Mengistie Diress, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Bereket Duko, Bruce B Duncan, Kristina Edvardsson, Michael Ekholuenetale, Frank J Elgar, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Azin Etemadimanesh, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Fatemeh Farahmand, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Valery L Feigin, Rachel Feldman, Xiaoqi Feng, Zinabu Fentaw, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Fabio Galvano, Balasankar Ganesan, Tushar Garg, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Tadele Regasa Gemechu, Lemma Getacher, Motuma Erena Getachew, Abera Getachew Obsa, Asmare Getie, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Alireza Ghajar, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Lilian A Ghandour, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Sherief Ghozy, Franklin N Glozah, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Salime Goharinezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Felix Greaves, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Bhawna Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Brian J Hall, Rabih Halwani, Tiilahun Beyene Handiso, Graeme J Hankey, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Md Mahbub Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Lalu Muhammad Irham, M Mofizul Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Louis Jacob, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Zahra Jamalpoor, Elham Jamshidi, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Seyed Ali Jeddi, Alelign Tasew Jema, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Himal Kandel, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Salah Eddin Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Imteyaz A Khan, Moien AB Khan, Hanna Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Mika Kivimäki, Vitalii Klymchuk, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Ben Lacey, Tea Lallukka, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Rafael Lozano, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Farzan Madadizadeh, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Narayana Manjunatha, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco A Martinez-Villa, Richard Matzopoulos, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, John J McGrath, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Gert B M Mensink, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Atte Meretoja, Bedasa Taye Merga, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Babak Moazen, Maryam Mobarakabadi, Marcello Moccia, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Yousef Moradi, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Erin C Mullany, Beemnet Tekabe Mulugeta, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Christopher J L Murray, Julius C Mwita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sudan Prasad Prasad Neupane, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Ali Nowroozi, Khan M Nuruzzaman, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Kehinde O Obamiro, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Adrian Otoiu, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D H Parry, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Jay Patel, Siddhartha Pati, George C Patton, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Amy E Peden, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Michael R Phillips, Marina Pinheiro, Evgenii Plotnikov, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Jianchao Quan, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Azizur Rahman, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez, Gregory A Roth, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Reihaneh Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Farhad Saeedi, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Yaser Sarikhani, Brijesh Sathian, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mehdi Sayyah, Maria Inês Schmidt, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Michaël Schwarzinger, David C Schwebel, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sarvenaz Shahin, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Shayan Shahrokhi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Adithi Shetty, Jeevan K Shetty, Damtew Solomon Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Roman Shrestha, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Natacha Torres da Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A Sleet, Marco Solmi, YONATAN SOLOMON, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N Soyiri, Dan J Stein, Sonu Hangma Subba, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Majid Taheri, Ker-Kan Tan, Minale Tareke, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Chalachew Tiruneh, Jovana Todorovic, Marco Torrado, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Sergi Trias-Llimós, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Alireza Vakilian, Rohollah Valizadeh, Mehdi Varmaghani, Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Theo Vos, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Cong Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Abate Dargie Wubetu, Suowen Xu, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lin Yang, Gesila Endashaw E Yesera, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida Yimaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zmaili, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Emmanuela Gakidou.

Affiliations

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (D Bryazka BA, M B Reitsma BS, J A Anderson BS, R Feldman BS, E C Mullany BA, G T Culbreth PhD, X Dai PhD, Prof L Dandona MD, Prof R Dandona PhD, Prof V L Feigin PhD, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, Prof S S Lim PhD, Prof R Lozano MD, T Mestrovic PhD, A H Mokdad PhD, Prof C J L Murray DPhil, Prof M Naghavi PhD, G A Roth MD, R J D Sorensen PhD, Prof T Vos PhD, Prof E Gakidou PhD), Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine (X Dai PhD, Prof R Dandona PhD, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, Prof S S Lim PhD, Prof R Lozano MD, A H Mokdad PhD, Prof C J L Murray DPhil, Prof M Naghavi PhD, G A Roth MD, Prof T Vos PhD, Prof E Gakidou PhD), Division of Cardiology (G A Roth MD), Department of Global Health (R J D Sorensen PhD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Social and Economic Welfare Unit (M G Griswold MA), RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (K H Abate PhD), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Juridical and Economic Studies (C Abbafati PhD), Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (M S Cattaruzza PhD), La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (M Abbasi-Kangevari MD, Z Abbasi-Kangevari BSc, M Azangou-Khyavy MD, S Ghamari MD, Prof H Hassanian-Moghaddam MD, A Kolahi MD, M Rashidi MD), Department of Epidemiology (A Ahmadi PhD), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (S Ahmadi PhD), Department of Pharmacology (A Haj-Mirzaian MD), Obesity Research Center (A Haj-Mirzaian MD), Functional Neurosurgery Research Center (E Jamshidi PharmD), Department of Health & Community Medicine (A Kolahi MD), School of Medicine (S Nejadghaderi MD), Student Research Committee (S Rahmani MD), Medical Ethics and Law Research Center (M Taheri PhD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC) (Z Abbasi-Kangevari BSc, Z Aryan MD, S Azadnajafabad MD, M Azangou-Khyavy MD, Prof F Farzadfar DSc, S Ghamari MD, M Keykhaei MD, M Malekpour MD, S Momtazmanesh MD, S Rahmani MD, M Rashidi MD, N Rezaei PhD, M Varmaghani PhD), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS) (Prof M Abdollahi PhD), School of Pharmacy (Prof M Abdollahi PhD), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y Alimohamadi PhD, M Mansournia PhD), Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center (S Alvand MD), Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (S Eskandarieh PhD, Prof M Sahraian MD), Department of Pathology (A Etemadimanesh MD), School of Medicine (N Hafezi-Nejad MD, M Mayeli MD, S Momtazmanesh MD, A Nowroozi BMedSc), Digestive Diseases Research Institute (S Hariri MD, H Salimzadeh PhD), Department of Psychiatry (R Jabbarinejad MD, S Shahrokhi MD), Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC) (M Keykhaei MD), Tehran Heart Center (E Mehrabi Nasab MD), Faculty of Medicine (E Mohammadi MD, E Shaker MD, P Shobeiri MD), Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center (Prof V Rahimi-Movaghar MD), Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (N Rezaei PhD), Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors (S SeyedAlinaghi PhD), Cancer Research Center (R Shirkoohi PhD), Cancer Biology Research Center (R Shirkoohi PhD), Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (M Zahir MD), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center (A Abdoli PhD), Department of Public Health (Y Sarikhani PhD), Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; School of Planning, Faculty of Environment (A Abdullah MSc), School of Public Health and Health Systems (Z A Butt PhD), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Botany (E S Abhilash PhD), Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India; Clinical Sciences Department (E Abu-Gharbieh PhD, Prof R Halwani PhD), College of Medicine (Prof R Halwani PhD), Mass Communication Department (A Makki PhD), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (B Saddik PhD), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (Prof J M Acuna MD), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work (Prof J M Acuna MD), Department of Epidemiology (R Jebai MPH), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Prof G Addolorato MD), Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy; College of Medicine (O M Adebayo MD), Psychiatry Department (O O Ayinde MSc), Department of Medicine (A S Oguntade MSc), University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O O Ayinde MSc); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V Adekanmbi PhD), The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs (W Lee PhD), University of Texas, Galveston, TX, USA; School of Public Health & Department of Community Medicine (K Adhikari PhD), Chitwan Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal; Public Health Section (K Adhikari PhD), Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal; Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering (S Adhikari MS), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Faculty of Medicine (Q E S Adnani PhD), Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine (Prof S Afzal PhD), King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health (Prof S Afzal PhD), Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Public Health Department (W Y Agegnehu BHlthSci), Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine (M Aggarwal MD), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M M Gad MD), Heart and Vascular Institute (M Zmaili MD), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR) (B O Ahinkorah MPH, E K Ameyaw MPhil), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; College of Nursing (A R Ahmad PhD), International Relations & Diplomacy, Ranya – Al Sulaimaniyah, Iraq; Department of International Relations & Diplomacy (A R Ahmad PhD), Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Health and Biological Sciences (S Ahmad PhD), Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics (T Ahmad MS), Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A Ahmadi PhD, A Mohammadian-Hafshejani PhD), Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center (M Heidari PhD), Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute (R Sadeghian PhD), Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies (R Sheikhi BHlthSci), Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Biosciences (H Ahmed PhD), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (T Ahmed Rashid PhD), University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Public Health (C J Akunna DMD), The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Public Health (C J Akunna DMD), Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria; Geriatric and Long Term Care Department (H Al Hamad MD, B Sathian PhD), Rumailah Hospital (H Al Hamad MD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Population Sciences (M Alam MSS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Nursing (D T Alem MSc), Debre Markos University, Debremarkos, Ethiopia; Faculty of Health Sciences (K A Alene MPH), School of Public Health (G Ayano MSc, B A Dachew PhD, B Duko MPH, D Hendrie PhD, T R Miller PhD), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases (K A Alene MPH), Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center (Y Alimohamadi PhD), Health Management and Economics Research Center (J Arabloo PhD), School of Medicine (M Dodangeh MD), Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (F Dorostkar PhD), Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center (S Goharinezhad PhD), Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center (A Kabir MD, S Salahi MD), The Five Senses Health Institute (S Rezaei MD), Trauma and Injury Research Center (M Taheri PhD), Department of Epidemiology (R Valizadeh PhD), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (F Pashazadeh Kan BSN); Department of Pharmacognosy (A Alizadeh MSc), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, tehran, Iran; Department of Disease Control (K Allel MSc), Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (M Iwagami PhD), Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology (S Trias-Llimós PhD), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Institute for Global Health (K Allel MSc), Department of Health Informatics (S Chung PhD), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Prof M Kivimäki PhD), Institute of Cardiovascular Science (A S Oguntade MSc), University College London, London, UK; Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health (J Alonso MD), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (J Alonso MD), Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Madrid, Spain; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies (Prof N Alvis-Guzman PhD), Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Research Group in Health Economics (Prof N Alvis-Guzman PhD), University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; School of Pharmacy (F Amare MSc), School of Public Health (B T Merga MPH), Department of Psychiatry (M T Walde MSc), Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Behavioral Sciences Research Center (S Amiri PhD), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmacy Department (Prof R Ancuceanu PhD), Cardiology Department (C Andrei PhD), Internal Medicine Department (M Hostiuc PhD), Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics (S Hostiuc PhD), Department of General Surgery (I Negoi PhD), Department of Anatomy and Embryology (R I Negoi PhD), Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Statistics and Econometrics (Prof T Andrei PhD, Prof M Ausloos PhD, Prof C Herteliu PhD, A Mirica PhD, A Otoiu PhD, A Pana MD, I Petcu PhD), Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology (M Arshad PhD), University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Biophysics (A A Artamonov PhD), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Z Aryan MD), T.H. Chan School of Public Health (Prof T W Bärnighausen MD, P M S Pradhan MD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery (M Asaad MD), University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; School of Public Health (M A Asemahagn PhD), Department of Health System and Health Economics (D D Atnafu MPH), Department of Psychiatry (M Tareke MSc), Department of Nursing (W A Temesgen PhD), Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Health and Society (Prof T Astell-Burt PhD, Z Ratan MSc), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy (Prof T Astell-Burt PhD), Chapter of Addiction Medicine (Prof H Hassanian-Moghaddam MD), Sydney Medical School (S Islam PhD), Save Sight Institute (H Kandel PhD), NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre (R A Mahumud PhD), Department of Public Health (K Nuruzzaman PhD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Immunology (S Athari PhD), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Medicine and Public Health (P Atorkey MPhil), University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia (P Atorkey MPhil); Department of Forensic Medicine (A Atreya MD), Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; Gastroenterology Department (F Ausloos MD), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; School of Business (Prof M Ausloos PhD), University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; School of Indigenous Studies (G Ayano MSc), Medical School (Prof G J Hankey MD), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Policy Planning and Management (M A a Ayanore PhD), Institute of Health Research (M Immurana PhD), Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences (E E Tarkang PhD), University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Health Economics (M A a Ayanore PhD), Centre for Health Policy Advocacy Innovation & Research in Africa (CHPAIR-Africa), Accra, Ghana; Department of Psychiatry (Prof J L Ayuso-Mateos PhD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM) (Prof J L Ayuso-Mateos PhD), National School of Public Health (A Padron-Monedero PhD), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health (M M Azanaw MPH), Department of Midwifery (B G Kassa MSc), Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; School of Medicine (A Azari Jafari MD, S Mirmoeeni MD), Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Faculty of Medicine (A Y Azzam MBBCh), October 6 University, 6th October City, Egypt; Department of Forensic Science (A D Badiye MSc, N Kapoor MSc), Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Research School of Population Health (N Bagheri PhD, Prof N Cherbuin PhD), Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute (N Bagheri PhD), University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Medicine (S Bagherieh BSc), Department of Environmental Health Engineering (A Fatehizadeh PhD), Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease (S Hariri MD), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (E Sadeghi PhD), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Centre for Community Medicine (M Bairwa MD), Department of Preventive Oncology (J K Meena MD), Department of Psychiatry (Prof R Sagar MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (S M Bakkannavar MD), Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore (R Holla MD), Department of Community Medicine (C R Rao MD), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Division of Reproductive Biology Maternal, Child Health & Nutrition (RBMCH&N) (R K Bakshi MD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India (Prof L Dandona MD); Department of Public Health (A H Balchut/Bilchut PhD, L Getacher MPH), Department of Psychiatry (A D Wubetu MSc), Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH) (Prof T W Bärnighausen MD, B Moazen MSc), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology (F Barra MD), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (Prof S Ferrero PhD), University Eye Clinic (L Ferro Desideri MD), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Public & Environmental Health (A Barrow MPH), University of The Gambia, Brikama, The Gambia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit (A Barrow MPH), Ministry of Health, Kotu, The Gambia; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (P Baskaran MD, P Bhardwaj MD, Prof P R Raghav MD), Department of Anatomy (Prof N Bhardwaj MD), School of Public Health (P Bhardwaj MD), Department of Pharmacology (J Charan MD, R J Kaur PhD, S Singh DM, S B Varthya MD), Department of Surgical Oncology (Prof S Misra MCh), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Biological Sciences Department (L Belo PhD), Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO) (L Belo PhD, M Carvalho PhD), Department of Medicine (Prof N Cruz-Martins PhD), Laboratory of Toxicology (Prof D Dias da Silva PhD), Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) (Á M Madureira-Carvalho PhD), Department of Chemistry (M Pinheiro PhD), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Nuffield Department of Population Health (D A Bennett PhD, B Lacey PhD), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Internal Medicine (I M Bensenor PhD, Prof A R Brunoni PhD), Department of Psychiatry (Prof A R Brunoni PhD, Prof J Castaldelli-Maia PhD, Y Wang PhD), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy (A S Bhagavathula PharmD), Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic; Institute of Public Health (A S Bhagavathula PharmD), College of Medicine and Health Sciences (Prof M Grivna PhD), Family Medicine Department (M A Khan MSc), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine (N Bhala PhD), Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Applied Health Research (N Bhala PhD), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Internal Medicine (Prof A Bhalla MD), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory (S Bhaskar PhD), NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology (S Bhaskar PhD), South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics (K Bhattacharyya MSc), National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics (K Bhattacharyya MSc), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Department of Anatomy (V S Bhojaraja MD), Department of Biochemistry (J K Shetty MD), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine (B Bintoro MD), Gadjah Mada University (Universitas Gadjah Mada), Sleman, Indonesia; Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion (B Bintoro MD), Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia; Valdman Institute of Pharmacology (E A E Blokhina MD), First Pavlov Medical University of St.Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; Biomedical Sciences Department (B B A Bodicha MSc), School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (C Churko MPH, N B Sidemo MPH), College of Medicine and Health Sciences (B D Daniel MSc), Department of Comprehensive Nursing (L E Digesa MSc), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M A Gebremichael MPH), Health Informatics Department (B T Mulugeta MSc), Department of Midwifery (B Oumer MPH, G Temesgen MSc), School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (G E E Yesera MSc), Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine (A Boloor MD), Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore (H L Dsouza MD), Department of Community Medicine (N Joseph MD, N Kumar MD, R Thapar MD), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A Shetty MS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Oncology (C Bosetti PhD), Department of Environmental Health Sciences (S Gallus DSc), Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Epidemiology (D Braithwaite PhD), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Cancer Population Sciences Program (D Braithwaite PhD), University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research (Prof H Brenner MD), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine (Prof N I Briko DSc, E V Glushkova PhD, V A Korshunov PhD, P D Lopukhov PhD), Institute for Leadership and Health Management (S Soshnikov PhD), I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Al Shifa School of Public Health (Z A Butt PhD), Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Program in Physical Therapy (C Cao MPH), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Surgery (Y Cao DSc), Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Health Care (Prof R Cárdenas DSc), Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; IMPACT Strategic Research Center (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation) (A F Carvalho MD), School of Medicine (V Gupta PhD), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences (M Carvalho PhD), University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine (G Castelpietra PhD), University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Department of Mental Health (G Castelpietra PhD), Healthcare Agency “Friuli Occidentale”, Pordenone, Italy; Department of Psychiatry (L F S Castro-de-Araujo PhD), School of Health Sciences (A Meretoja MD), Department of Pediatrics (Prof G C Patton MD), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Population and Public Health (P A Chakraborty MPH, D P Rasali PhD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Community Medicine (V Chattu MD), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Saveetha Medical College (V Chattu MD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology (A Chaurasia MD), King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India; Center for Biomedicine and Community Health (D Chu PhD), VNU-International School, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Medical Science (N Chudal Medical Student), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Health Data Research UK, London, UK (S Chung PhD); Adelaide Medical School (L G Ciobanu PhD), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (L G Ciobanu PhD), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Public Health (Prof M Cirillo MD, R Palladino MD), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Nutrition (Prof R M Claro PhD), Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health (Prof A C Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá MSc), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (S Costanzo PhD), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Psychology (R G Cowden PhD), University of the Free State, Park West, South Africa; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (Prof M H Criqui MD), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Health sciences (Prof N Cruz-Martins PhD), Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Famalicão, Portugal; Department of Epidemiology (B A Dachew PhD), Department of Biochemistry (M Derbew Molla MSc), Department of Surgical Nursing (A A Desta MSc), Department of Human Physiology (M Diress MSc), Department of Clinical Midwifery (T W Gudayu MPH), School of Midwifery (A E A Yimaw MSc), University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health (O Dadras DrPH), Walailak University, Thai Buri, Thailand; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (O Dadras DrPH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS) (G Damiani MD), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Dermatology (G Damiani MD), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Research (A Pandey PhD), Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India (Prof L Dandona MD, Prof R Dandona PhD, G Kumar PhD); Department of Human Nutrition (A Danielewicz PhD), Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn), Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Public Health (J Darega Gela MPH), Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Health Research Institute (K Davletov PhD), Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Psychiatry (J A P de Araujo MD), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry (J A P de Araujo MD), Centro de Estudos Clínica APICE, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinic (Prof A R de Sá-Junior PhD), Department of Physical Education (Prof D A S Silva PhD), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; School of Public Health (S Debela MPH), Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine (A Dehghan PhD), Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Fasa, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery (A K Demetriades MD), Global Health Governance Programme (J Patel), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Neurosurgery Department (A K Demetriades MD), National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, UK; Division of Cardiology (R Desai MBBS), Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA; Center of Complexity Sciences (Prof D Diaz PhD), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (Prof D Diaz PhD), Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico; Center of Excellence in Health Equity, Training and Research (D Dongarwar MS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (H L Dsouza MD), Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India; School of Public Health (B Duko MPH), Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology (Prof B B Duncan MD, Prof M I Schmidt MD), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; College of Science, Health and Engineering (K Edvardsson PhD), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics (M Ekholuenetale MSc, A F Fagbamigbe PhD), Faculty of Public Health (M Ekholuenetale MSc), Department of Health Promotion and Education (S E Ibitoye MPH), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Population and Global Health (Prof F J Elgar PhD), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine (M Elhadi MD), University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt (M A Elmonem PhD); Public Health Department (A Y Endries MPH), St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Population and Behavioural Sciences Division (A F Fagbamigbe PhD), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; Head of the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (I R Fakhradiyev PhD), Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Literature and Humanities (F Farahmand BSc), Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Dissemination Division (C S e Farinha MSc), National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal; Activity Planning and Control Unit (C S e Farinha MSc), Directorate-General of Health (DGS), Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Psychology (Prof A Faro PhD), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia (N K Fauk MSc); Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia (N K Fauk MSc); National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences (Prof V L Feigin PhD), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia (Prof V L Feigin PhD); School of Population Health (X Feng PhD), School of Medicine (P K Maulik PhD), School of Public Health and Community Medicine (A E Peden PhD, Prof A E Schutte PhD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Institute of Environmental Health (X Feng PhD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Z Fentaw MPH), Department of Environmental Health (M G D Gebrehiwot PhD), Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (C Tiruneh MSc), College of Medicine and Health Sciences School of Public Health Department of Public Health Nutrition (B Wagaye MPH), Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Psychiatry Department (I Filip MD), Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA; School of Health Sciences (I Filip MD), A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA; Institute of Public Health (F Fischer PhD), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care (J M Francis PhD), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences (R C Franklin PhD), James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia; Health Services Management Training Centre (P A Gaal PhD, T Joo MSc), Faculty of Health and Public Administration (M Szócska PhD), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences (P A Gaal PhD), Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania; Gillings School of Global Public Health (M M Gad MD), University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (Prof F Galvano PhD, G Grosso PhD), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Neurorehabilitation and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering (B Ganesan PhD), Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care (J Huang MD, C Zhong MD), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Occupational Therapy (B Ganesan PhD), Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India; Department of Radiology (T Garg MBBS), King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; Department of Reproductive & Family Health (T G Gebremeskel MPH), Aksum University, Axum, Ethiopia; Medical Biochemistry Department (T R Gemechu MSc), Anatomy Department (D S Shiferaw MSc), Department of Biomedical Science (D S Shiferaw MSc), Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health (M E Getachew MPH), Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Psychology (A Getachew Obsa MA), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (A Getie MSc), Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia; Department of Addiction Studies (A Ghaderi PhD), Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing (M Ghafourifard PhD), Social Determinants of Health Research Center (S Karimi PhD), Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department (Prof A Mahmoodpoor MD), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Mount Auburn Hospital (A Ghajar MD), Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (L A Ghandour PhD), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; E-Learning Center, Faculty of Health (M Ghasemi Nour MD), Applied Biomedical Research Center (A Sahebkar PhD), Biotechnology Research Center (A Sahebkar PhD), Social Determinants of Health Research Center (M Varmaghani PhD), Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Public Health (A Ghashghaee BSc), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Radiology (S Ghozy MD), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences (F N Glozah PhD), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Department of Laboratories (J Godos PhD), Oasi Research Institute, Troina, Italy; Department of Gastroenterology (Prof A Goel DM), Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Health Systems and Policy Research (M Golechha PhD), Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics (P Goleij MSc), Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing (M Golitaleb PhD), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Primary Care and Public Health (F Greaves PhD, R Palladino MD, Prof S Rawaf MD), WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training (D L Rawaf MD), Imperial College London, London, UK; Health Improvement Directorate (F Greaves PhD), Academic Public Health England (Prof S Rawaf MD), Public Health England, London, UK; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Prof M Grivna PhD), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Public Health (B Gupta PhD), Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Preventive Cardiology (Prof R Gupta MD), Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine (Prof R Gupta MD), Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Toxicology Department (S Gupta MSc), Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India; Department of Clinical Medicine (Prof V K Gupta PhD), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (N Hafezi-Nejad MD, S Sheikhbahaei MD), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China (B J Hall PhD); School of Public Health (T B Handiso MPH), Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Neurology (Prof G J Hankey MD), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Research Unit (J M Haro MD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain (J M Haro MD); Department of Zoology and Entomology (A I Hasaballah PhD), Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K Hayat MS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (K Hayat MS), Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, USA (G Heidari MD); School of Business (Prof C Herteliu PhD), London South Bank University, London, UK; Public Health, Enviromental Health, Epidemiology and Health Education Department (D Z Heyi MPH), Madda Walabu University, Robe, Goba Town, Ethiopia; Department of Applied Microbiology (K Hezam PhD), Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Department of Microbiology (K Hezam PhD), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; School of Nursing and Public Health Medicine (M M Hlongwa PhD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Social and Environmental Health Research (M Hossain MPH), Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences (M Hossain MPH), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Public Health and Informatics (S Hossain MS), Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Interventional Cardiology (S Hosseini MD), Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab (M hosseinzadeh PhD), Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeonggu, Seongnam 13120, South Korea; Clinical Legal Medicine Department (S Hostiuc PhD), National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics (Prof G Hu PhD), Central South University, Changsha, China; Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation (S Hussain PhD), Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses (S Hussain PhD), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine (I M Ilic PhD, Prof M M Santric-Milicevic PhD), School of Public Health and Health Management (Prof M M Santric-Milicevic PhD), Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine (J Todorovic PhD), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Epidemiology (Prof M D Ilic PhD), University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Pharmacy (L M Irham BPharm), University of Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; School of Psychology and Public Health (M Islam PhD), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (R M Islam PhD), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (S Islam PhD), Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Public Health Department of Social Medicine (Prof H Iso MD), Graduate School of Medicine (Prof K Yamagishi MD), Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Health Management (R Itumalla PhD), University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Services Research (M Iwagami PhD), Research and Development Center for Health Services (Prof K Yamagishi MD), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (R Jabbarinejad MD), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Research and Development Unit (L Jacob MD), Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Faculty of Medicine (L Jacob MD), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (Prof M Jakovljevic PhD), Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Comparative Economic Studies (Prof M Jakovljevic PhD), Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan; Trauma Research Center (Z Jamalpoor PhD), Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Pulmonary Medicine (E Jamshidi PharmD), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre of Studies and Research (S Jayapal PhD), Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine (U U Jayarajah MD), Department of Physiology (R Jayawardena PhD), Department of Pharmacology (P Ranasinghe PhD), University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Surgery (U U Jayarajah MD), National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences (R Jayawardena PhD), School of Public Health and Social Work (M T N Tran PhD), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences (S Jeddi MSc), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Public Health (A Jema MPH), Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine (R P Jha MSc), Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine (R P Jha MSc, B D Kamble MD), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; National Health System Resource Centre (H Jindal MD), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Prof J B Jonas MD); Department of Ophthalmology (Prof J B Jonas MD), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (F Joukar PhD), Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center (F Joukar PhD), Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (J J Jozwiak PhD), University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health (M Jürisson PhD), University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; School of Public Health (R H Kabthymer MSc, G G Kanno MSc), Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (B D Kamble MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; Sydney Eye Hospital (H Kandel PhD), South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health Professions and Human Services (I M Karaye MD), Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA; International Research Center of Excellence (G A Kayode PhD), Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care (G A Kayode PhD), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences (H Khajuria PhD, B P Nayak PhD), Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry (Prof R Khalilov PhD), Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Russian Institute for Advanced Study (Prof R Khalilov PhD), Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Pediatrics (I A Khan MD), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Primary Care Department (M A Khan MSc), NHS North West London, London, UK; College of Medicine (H Kim BN), Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (J Kim MSc), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Genomics and Digital Health (M Kim MD), Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea; Public Health Center (M Kim MD), Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea; Department of Nutrition (R W Kimokoti MD), Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Public Health (Prof M Kivimäki PhD, Prof T Lallukka PhD), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Community-based Services Development (V Klymchuk DSc), Mental Health for Ukraine Project, Lviv, Ukraine; Laboratory of Social Psychology (V Klymchuk DSc), Institute of Social and Political Psychology, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Disease Burden (A S Knudsen PhD), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM) (A Koyanagi MD), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain (A Koyanagi MD); Department of Anthropology (Prof K Krishan PhD), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Community Medicine Department (Y Krishnamoorthy MD), Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Orthopaedics (Prof N Kumar MS), Medanta Hospital, Lucknow, India; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK (B Lacey PhD); Department of Otorhinolaryngology (S Lasrado MS), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Surgery (J Lau MPH, K Tan PhD), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab (Prof S Lee PhD), Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea; Graduate School of Public Health (Y Lee PhD), Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea; Department of Medicine (L Lim MRCP), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (L Lim MRCP), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China; Department of Professional and Medical Education (S W Lobo PhD), Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences (S W Lobo PhD), Mercer University, Macon, GA, USA; Institute of Nutritional Sciences (Prof S Lorkowski PhD), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany (Prof S Lorkowski PhD); School of Medicine (Prof G Lucchetti PhD), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (F Madadizadeh PhD), Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies) (Á M Madureira-Carvalho PhD), Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (University Institute of Health Sciences), Gandra, Portugal; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute (Prof S Mahjoub PhD), Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Prof S Mahjoub PhD), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Psychiatry (N Manjunatha MD), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengalore, India; Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center (B Mansouri PhD), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Psychiatry Department (J Martinez-Raga PhD), Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medicine (J Martinez-Raga PhD, Prof R Tabarés-Seisdedos PhD), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Teaching Department (Prof F A Martinez-Villa MSc), Mexican Institute of Social Security, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico; Burden of Disease Research Unit (R Matzopoulos PhD), Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit (Prof C D H Parry PhD), Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Unit (Prof D J Stein MD), South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine (R Matzopoulos PhD), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Research Division (P K Maulik PhD), The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Queensland Brain Institute (Prof J J McGrath MD), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; National Centre for Register-based Research (Prof J J McGrath MD), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Forensic Medicine Division (Prof R G Menezes MD), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring (G B M Mensink PhD), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; University Research Institute (A A Mentis MD), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Neurology Unit (A Meretoja MD), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University Centre Varazdin (T Mestrovic PhD), University North, Varazdin, Croatia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine (J Miao Jonasson PhD), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Center for Innovation in Medical Education (B Miazgowski MD), Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland (B Miazgowski MD); Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA (T R Miller PhD); Global Institute of Public Health (Prof G Mini PhD), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Women’s Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India (Prof G Mini PhD); Department of Medical Sciences (A Mirijello MD), IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza General Hospital (IRCCS Home for the Relief of Suffering General Hospital), San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; Internal Medicine Programme (Prof E M Mirrakhimov PhD), Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease (Prof E M Mirrakhimov PhD), National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF) (B Moazen MSc), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany; Noncommunicable Disease Research Center (M Mobarakabadi MD), Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosciences (M Moccia PhD), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Internal Medicine Department (Y Mohammad MD), Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (M Temsah MD), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology (S Nejadghaderi MD, E Shaker MD), Epidemiology Department (S Shahin MD), Department of International Studies (P Shobeiri MD), Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran (E Mohammadi MD); Dental Basic Sciences Department (T A Mohammed MSc), University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Oncology Department (N Moka MD), Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, KY, USA; Internal Medicine (N Moka MD), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (Y Moradi PhD), Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran; Department of Medicine (E Mostafavi PhD), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (E Mostafavi PhD), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S Mubarik MS, Prof C Yu PhD), School of Medicine (Z Zhang PhD), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Epidemiology, Family Medicine Unit 19 (E Murillo-Zamora PhD), Mexican Institute of Social Security, Colima, Mexico; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences (E Murillo-Zamora PhD), Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Internal Medicine (J C Mwita MD, G M Rwegerera MD), University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization (M Naimzada MD, S S Otstavnov PhD), Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia; Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory (M Naimzada MD), Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India (V Nangia MD); Department of General Surgery (I Negoi PhD), Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania (R I Negoi PhD); Department of Community Medicine (S Nepal MD), Kathmandu University, Palpa, Nepal; National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention (S P Neupane PhD), University of Oslo, Norway; Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway Department (S P Neupane PhD), Oral Health Center of Expertise in Rogaland, Rogland, Norway; Estia Health Blakehurst (S Neupane Kandel BSN), Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute for Mental Health and Policy (Y T Nigatu PhD), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Population Science (K Nuruzzaman PhD), Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI) (C I Nzoputam MPH), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Centre for Rural Health (K O Obamiro PhD), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute (F A Ogbo PhD), Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Health Promotion Research Center (H Okati-Aliabad PhD, F Shahraki-Sanavi PhD), Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Community Prevention and Care Services (B O Olakunde PhD), National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria; Cardiology Department (G M M Oliveira PhD), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department (A Omar Bali PhD), University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Mass Communication Department (E Omer PhD), Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Health Systems Research Center (D V Ortega-Altamirano DrPH), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Project Management (S S Otstavnov PhD), National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia; Department of Respiratory Medicine (Prof M P A DNB), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Health Metrics (A Pana MD), Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany (S Panda-Jonas MD); Research Department (A Pandey MPH), Research Section (U Paudel PhD), Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Department (A Pandey MPH), Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Vision and Eye Research Institute (Prof S Pardhan PhD), Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Department of Health Administration and Policy (T Parekh MSc), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine (Prof E Park PhD), Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry (Prof C D H Parry PhD), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Dentistry (J Patel), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Skills Innovation and Academic Network (SIAN) Institute (S Pati PhD), Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC), Odisha, India; Population Health Theme (Prof G C Patton MD), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (U Paudel PhD), Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine (P M S Pradhan MD), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Genetics (S Pawar PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R Shrestha PhD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences (A E Peden PhD), James Cook University, Townsville, NSW, Australia; Shanghai Mental Health Center (Prof M R Phillips MD), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychiatry (Prof M R Phillips MD), Department of Health and Behavior Studies (Prof I D Sigfusdottir PhD), Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences (E Plotnikov PhD), Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia; Mental Health Research Institute (E Plotnikov PhD), Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; Department of Biochemistry (Prof A Prashant PhD), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India; School of Public Health (J Quan MD), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; College of Medicine (A Radfar MD), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Department of Immunology (Prof A Rafiei PhD), Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (Prof A Rafiei PhD), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Data Mining Research Unit (DaMRA) (A Rahman PhD), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development (Prof M Rahman PhD, M Rahman DrPH), University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Future Technology Research Center (A Rahmani PhD), National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan (province of China); Research Department (C L Ranabhat PhD), Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Health and Public Policy Department (C L Ranabhat PhD), Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal; Data Analytic Services Department (D P Rasali PhD), British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering (Z Ratan MSc), Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh; University College London Hospitals, London, UK (D L Rawaf MD); School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences (L Rawal PhD), CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine (Prof A M N Renzaho PhD), Translational Health Research Institute (Prof A M N Renzaho PhD), Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; Eye and Skull Base Research Centers (S Rezaei MD), Rassoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Prof M Rezaeian PhD), Department of Neurology (A Vakilian MD), Non-communicable Diseases Research Center (A Vakilian MD), Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center (S Riahi PhD, F Saeedi MD), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Clinical and Epidemiological Research in Primary Care (GICEAP) (E Romero-Rodríguez PhD), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; Research and Development (Prof U Saeed PhD), Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan; Biological Production Division (Prof U Saeed PhD), National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Development Studies (H Sahoo PhD), International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Health Systems and Population Studies Division (K Saif-Ur-Rahman MPH), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Health Systems (K Saif-Ur-Rahman MPH), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department (S Salahi MD), Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran; Department of Entomology (A M Samy PhD), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F Sanmarchi MD), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Health Policy Research Center (Y Sarikhani PhD), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences (B Sathian PhD), Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine (G Saya MD), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Education Development Center (M Sayyah MD), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof A E Schutte PhD); Department of Methodology and Innovation in Prevention (M Schwarzinger MD), University Hospital of Bordeaux, France, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219-Bordeaux Population Health (M Schwarzinger MD), Inserm, Bordeaux, France; Department of Psychology (D C Schwebel PhD), School of Medicine (Prof J A Singh MD), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Population and Health (A Seidu MPhil), University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences (A Seidu MPhil), James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Biotechnology (Prof N Senthil Kumar PhD), Mizoram University, Aizawl, India; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A Seylani BS), National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Center for Biomedical Information Technology (F Sha PhD), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China; Neuroimmunulogy Department (S Shahrokhi MD), Universal Scientific Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan (M A Shaikh MD); Infectious Diseases Department (Prof M Z Shakhmardanov PhD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology (A A Skryabina MD), Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; School of Medicine (M Shams-Beyranvand MSc), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M Shigematsu PhD); Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland (R Shiri PhD); Public Health Dentistry Department (Prof K M Shivakumar PhD), Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India; Department of Clinical Immunology and Hematology (V Shivarov PhD), Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics (V Shivarov PhD), Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridiski”, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Psychology (Prof I D Sigfusdottir PhD), Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, Lisbon, Portugal (N T d Silva MPsych); Medicine Service (Prof J A Singh MD), US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA; Department No.16 (V Y Skryabin MD), Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia; Division of Injury Prevention (Prof D A Sleet PhD), The Bizzell Group, Atlanta, GA, USA; Rollins School of Public Health (Prof D A Sleet PhD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Psychiatry (M Solmi MD), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Nursing (Y SOLOMON MSc), Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain (S Song PhD), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics (Y Song PhD), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization (S Soshnikov PhD), Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia; Hull York Medical School (I N Soyiri PhD), University of Hull, Hull City, UK; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (Prof S H Subba MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India; Carlos III Health Institute (Prof R Tabarés-Seisdedos PhD), Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Cancer Control Center (T Tabuchi MD), Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; HIV Health Promotion Division (E E Tarkang PhD), HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Network, Cameroon, Kumba, Cameroon; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Prof K R Thankappan MD), Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Gastroenterology Department (N K Thomas MD), PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India; Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Department (M Torrado PhD), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) (M Torrado PhD), Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team EREN (M Touvier PhD), National Institute for Health and Medical Research INSERM, Paris, France; Health, Medicine and Human Biology (M Touvier PhD), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine (M R Tovani-Palone PhD), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Modestum LTD, London, UK (M R Tovani-Palone PhD); Health Informatic Department, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty (M T N Tran PhD), Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam; Department of Community Medicine (J P Tripathy MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland (Prof T J Vasankari MD); Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (Prof T J Vasankari MD), Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Infection Prevention & Control and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Unit (B Wagaye MPH), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Foundation University Medical College (Prof Y Waheed PhD), Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Medicine (C Wang MPH), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences (Y Wang PhD), King’s College London, London, UK; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort (R Westerman DSc), Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Community Medicine (N D Wickramasinghe MD), Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital (Prof S Xu PhD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; School of Medicine and Dentistry (Prof S Xu PhD), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research (L Yang PhD), Alberta Health Services, Calgary, BC, Canada; Department of Oncology (L Yang PhD), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Health Management (A Yigit PhD, V Yiğit PhD), Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (D Yon MD), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology (N Yonemoto PhD), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health (N Yonemoto PhD), Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Duke Global Health Institute (S Zadey MS), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Faculty of Medicine (M Zahir MD), Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Research and Development Department (I Zare BSc), Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (Prof M S Zastrozhin PhD), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Addictology Department (Prof M S Zastrozhin PhD), Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia (A Zastrozhina PhD); Health Technology Assessment Unit (Y H Zuniga BS), Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; #MentalHealthPH, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines (Y H Zuniga BS).

Contributors