Tag Archives: Computers/Consumer Electronics

Business

Corporate Layoffs Spread Beyond High-Growth Tech Giants

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The headline-grabbing expansion of layoffs beyond high-growth technology companies stands in contrast to historically low levels of jobless claims and news that companies such as

Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc.

and

Airbus SE

are adding jobs.

This week, four companies trimmed more than 10,000 jobs, just a fraction of their total workforces. Still, the decisions mark a shift in sentiment inside executive suites, where many leaders have been holding on to workers after struggling to hire and retain them in recent years when the pandemic disrupted workplaces.

Live Q&A

Tech Layoffs: What Do They Mean?

The creator of the popular layoff tracker Layoffs.fyi Roger Lee and the head of talent at venture firm M13 Matt Hoffman sit down with WSJ reporter Chip Cutter, to discuss what’s behind the recent downsizing and whether it will be enough to recalibrate ahead of a possible recession.

Unlike

Microsoft Corp.

and Google parent

Alphabet Inc.,

which announced larger layoffs this month, these companies haven’t expanded their workforces dramatically during the pandemic. Instead, the leaders of these global giants said they were shrinking to adjust to slowing growth, or responding to weaker demand for their products.

“We are taking these actions to further optimize our cost structure,”

Jim Fitterling,

Dow’s chief executive, said in announcing the cuts, noting the company was navigating “macro uncertainties and challenging energy markets, particularly in Europe.”

The U.S. labor market broadly remains strong but has gradually lost steam in recent months. Employers added 223,000 jobs in December, the smallest gain in two years. The Labor Department will release January employment data next week.

Economists from Capital Economics estimate a further slowdown to an increase of 150,000 jobs in January, which would push job growth below its 2019 monthly average, the year before pandemic began.

There is “mounting evidence of weakness below the surface,”

Andrew Hunter,

senior U.S. economist at Capital Economics wrote in a note to clients Thursday.

Last month, the unemployment rate was 3.5%, matching multidecade lows. Wage growth remained strong, but had cooled from earlier in 2022. The Federal Reserve, which has been raising interest rates to combat high inflation, is looking for signs of slower wage growth and easing demand for workers.

Many CEOs say companies are beginning to scrutinize hiring more closely.

Slower hiring has already lengthened the time it takes Americans to land a new job. In December, 826,000 unemployed workers had been out of a job for about 3½ to 6 months, up from 526,000 in April 2022, according to the Labor Department.

“Employers are hovering with their feet above the brake. They’re more cautious. They’re more precise in their hiring,” said

Jonas Prising,

chief executive of

ManpowerGroup Inc.,

a provider of temporary workers. “But they’ve not stopped hiring.”

Additional signs of a cooling economy emerged on Thursday when the Commerce Department said U.S. gross domestic product growth slowed to a 2.9% annual rate in the fourth quarter, down from a 3.2% annual rate in the third quarter.

Not all companies are in layoff mode.

Walmart Inc.,

the country’s biggest private employer, said this week it was raising its starting wages for hourly U.S. workers to $14 from $12, amid a still tight job market for front line workers. Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. said Thursday it plans to hire 15,000 new employees to work in its restaurants, while plane maker Airbus SE said it is recruiting over 13,000 new staffers this year. Airbus said 9,000 of the new jobs would be based in Europe with the rest spread among the U.S., China and elsewhere. 

General Electric Co.

, which slashed thousands of aerospace workers in 2020 and is currently laying off 2,000 workers from its wind turbine business, is hiring in other areas. “If you know any welders or machinists, send them my way,” Chief Executive

Larry Culp

said this week.

Annette Clayton,

CEO of North American operations at

Schneider Electric SE,

a Europe-headquartered energy-management and automation company, said the U.S. needs far more electricians to install electric-vehicle chargers and perform other tasks. “The shortage of electricians is very, very important for us,” she said.

Railroad CSX Corp. told investors on Wednesday that after sustained effort, it had reached its goal of about 7,000 train and engine employees around the beginning of the year, but plans to hire several hundred more people in those roles to serve as a cushion and to accommodate attrition that remains higher than the company would like.

Freeport-McMoRan Inc.

executives said Wednesday they expect U.S. labor shortages to continue to crimp production at the mining giant. The company has about 1,300 job openings in a U.S. workforce of about 10,000 to 12,000, and many of its domestic workers are new and need training and experience to match prior expertise, President

Kathleen Quirk

told analysts.

“We could have in 2022 produced more if we were fully staffed, and I believe that is the case again this year,” Ms. Quirk said.

The latest layoffs are modest relative to the size of these companies. For example, IBM’s plan to eliminate about 3,900 roles would amount to a 1.4% reduction in its head count of 280,000, according to its latest annual report.

As interest rates rise and companies tighten their belts, white-collar workers have taken the brunt of layoffs and job cuts, breaking with the usual pattern leading into a downturn. WSJ explains why many professionals are getting the pink slip first. Illustration: Adele Morgan

The planned 3,000 job cuts at SAP affect about 2.5% of the business-software maker’s global workforce. Finance chief

Luka Mucic

said the job cuts would be spread across the company’s geographic footprint, with most of them happening outside its home base in Germany. “The purpose is to further focus on strategic growth areas,” Mr. Mucic said. The company employed around 111,015 people on average last year.

Chemicals giant Dow said on Thursday it was trimming about 2,000 employees. The Midland, Mich., company said it currently employs about 37,800 people. Executives said they were targeting $1 billion in cost cuts this year and shutting down some assets to align spending with the macroeconomic environment.

Manufacturer

3M Co.

, which had about 95,000 employees at the end of 2021, cited weakening consumer demand when it announced this week plans to eliminate 2,500 manufacturing jobs. The maker of Scotch tape, Post-it Notes and thousands of other industrial and consumer products said it expects lower sales and profit in 2023.

“We’re looking at everything that we do as we manage through the challenges that we’re facing in the end markets,” 3M Chief Executive

Mike Roman

said during an earnings conference call. “We expect the demand trends we saw in December to extend through the first half of 2023.”

Hasbro Inc.

on Thursday said it would eliminate 15% of its workforce, or about 1,000 jobs, after the toy maker’s consumer-products business underperformed in the fourth quarter.

Some companies still hiring now say the job cuts across the economy are making it easier to find qualified candidates. “We’ve got the pick of the litter,” said

Bill McDermott,

CEO of business-software provider

ServiceNow Inc.

“We have so many applicants.”

At

Honeywell International Inc.,

CEO

Darius Adamczyk

said the job market remains competitive. With the layoffs in technology, though, Mr. Adamczyk said he anticipated that the labor market would likely soften, potentially also expanding the applicants Honeywell could attract.

“We’re probably going to be even more selective than we were before because we’re going to have a broader pool to draw from,” he said.

Across the corporate sphere, many of the layoffs happening now are still small relative to the size of the organizations, said

Denis Machuel,

CEO of global staffing firm Adecco Group AG.

“I would qualify it more as a recalibration of the workforce than deep cuts,” Mr. Machuel said. “They are adjusting, but they are not cutting the muscle.”

Write to Chip Cutter at chip.cutter@wsj.com and Theo Francis at theo.francis@wsj.com

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Technology

Microsoft’s Cloud Doesn’t Quite Cover All

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Demand for Windows operating-system software has fallen with sales of the personal computers that use it.



Photo:

STEVE MARCUS/REUTERS

Microsoft’s

MSFT -0.22%

latest results are like a blast from the past—and not in a good way. 

The software titan has come a long way from the days when it depended on its ubiquitous Windows operating system. But it is still a lucrative business—enough so that a slump in personal computer sales can weigh on Microsoft’s financial results. And a slump this is; IDC reported earlier this month that PC unit sales slid 28% year over year during the December quarter—the biggest drop tracked by the market research firm’s numbers going at least back to 2015. 

Not surprisingly then, Microsoft said Tuesday in its fiscal second quarter results report that Windows revenue slid 27% year over year to about $4.9 billion for the same period. That is less than 10% of the company’s revenue now, but it is a profitable contributor given that much comes from PC makers simply paying Microsoft to bundle Windows onto their machines. Hence, operating profits in Microsoft’s More Personal Computing segment that includes the Windows business slid 48% year over year. That played a big part in the company’s total operating profit for the quarter coming about 3% shy of Wall Street’s forecasts, at $20.4 billion.   

Investors have largely learned to look past Windows these days in favor of Microsoft’s far more important cloud business. But as Microsoft’s last report three months ago proved, even that isn’t immune to the slumping global economy. Azure, the cloud computing service that competes squarely with

Amazon

‘s AWS, grew revenue by 31% year over year. That slightly exceeded Wall Street’s forecasts, but it was still a record-low pace for the business. Things also aren’t looking like they will get much better anytime soon. Chief Financial Officer

Amy Hood

noted that cloud growth moderated, “particularly in December,” and projected revenue growth of 14% to 15% year over year for the company’s Intelligent Cloud segment during the March quarter—a deceleration of 11 percentage points from the same period last year. 

Investors were at least better-prepared for bad news this time. Microsoft’s share price slipped 1% in after-hours trading following the results and forecast compared with the 8% drop sparked by its previous quarterly report. As the first major tech player to post results for the December quarter, Microsoft also casts a large shadow. It has a highly diversified business that spans corporate and consumer software, cloud services, videogame systems and even online advertising. The company even noted that the recent spate of big tech layoffs will hurt its LinkedIn business, which is a major corporate recruiting tool in the tech sector. Those layoffs include 10,000 positions to be cut from Microsoft’s own payroll–another sign that even a cloud titan can’t keep floating above the economy. 

Write to Dan Gallagher at dan.gallagher@wsj.com

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Business

Microsoft Earnings Fell Last Quarter Amid Economic Concerns

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Microsoft Corp.

MSFT -0.22%

recorded its slowest sales growth in more than six years last quarter as demand for its software and cloud services cooled on concerns about the health of the global economy.

The Redmond, Wash., company’s revenue expanded 2% in the three months through Dec. 31 from a year earlier to $52.7 billion. Its net income fell 12% to $16.4 billion. That is the company’s lowest revenue growth since the quarter that ended in June 2016.

“Organizations are exercising caution given the macroeconomic uncertainty,” Microsoft Chief Executive

Satya Nadella

said on an earnings call Tuesday.

The software company is the first of the tech titans to announce earnings for the quarter. It and others have recently announced layoffs of thousands of people to reflect a sudden lowering of expectations about future demand. Last week Microsoft announced plans to eliminate 10,000 jobs in response to the global economic slowdown, the company’s largest layoffs in more than eight years.

Microsoft said it expects around $51 billion in revenue this quarter, a 3% increase from the same quarter last year. Its shares, which had initially risen on the results in after-hours trading, gave up their gains after the company announced its guidance. 

Microsoft’s Intelligent Cloud business, which includes its Azure cloud-computing business, grew 18% to $21.51 billion. Azure grew 31%, which was slightly above some analysts’ expectations.

Microsoft is one of the top companies in cloud-computing services that have boomed during the pandemic. In the middle of the health crisis, Microsoft reported several quarters in a row of 50% or more year-over-year sales growth for its cloud-computing platform, the world’s No. 2 behind

Amazon.com Inc.’s

cloud. While Azure and Microsoft’s other cloud services remain the main engine for the company’s growth, demand isn’t what it was even a year ago as customers try to manage their cloud computing costs.

The company has been betting the next wave of demand for cloud services could come from more companies and people using artificial intelligence. It has been deepening its relationship with the AI startup OpenAI, the company behind the image generator Dall-E 2 and the technology behind ChatGPT, which can answer questions and write essays and poems.

“The age of AI is upon us and Microsoft is powering it,” Mr. Nadella said Tuesday.

Microsoft had been sheltered from much of the recent downturn because it gets most of its sales from companies rather than advertising and consumer spending. However, it isn’t immune to the end of pandemic trends that turbocharged demand, hiring and investment as well as economic headwinds such as high interest rates.

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Demand for Windows operating-system software has fallen with sales of the personal computers that use it. Households, companies and governments that bought computers during the pandemic are scaling back.

That was reflected in Microsoft’s personal computing segment revenue, which fell 19% to $14.24 billion. Sales related to its Windows operating system declined 39% and sales of devices like its Surface tablets fell 39%.

Worldwide PC shipments were down 29% in the fourth quarter last year compared with the previous year, according to preliminary data from the research firm Gartner Inc. Financial analysts don’t expect that trend to improve until 2024.

Photos: Tech Layoffs Across the Industry

Microsoft said its videogaming revenue fell 12% during the quarter. Videogames and Microsoft’s Xbox videogame consoles are increasingly important businesses for the company. The videogaming industry is going through a slowdown as pandemic-related restrictions ease and people spend less time at home.

The company made a huge bet on the sector a year ago with its $75 billion plan to acquire videogame giant

Activision Blizzard Inc.

Last month the Federal Trade Commission sued to block the acquisition, saying the deal would give Microsoft the ability to control how consumers beyond users of its own Xbox consoles and subscription services access Activision’s games. Microsoft then filed a rebuttal saying the deal won’t hurt competition in the videogaming industry. It could take months before it is decided in the U.S. and elsewhere whether the deal can go through.

After the close of regular stock trading on Tuesday, Microsoft shares had slipped around 18% over the previous year, broadly in line with the tech-heavy Nasdaq Composite Index.

Write to Tom Dotan at tom.dotan@wsj.com

Write to Tom Dotan at tom.dotan@wsj.com

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Business

Microsoft to Deepen OpenAI Partnership, Invest Billions in ChatGPT Creator

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Microsoft Corp.

MSFT 0.98%

said Monday it is making a multiyear, multibillion-dollar investment in OpenAI, substantially bolstering its relationship with the startup behind the viral ChatGPT chatbot as the software giant looks to expand the use of artificial intelligence in its products.

Microsoft said the latest partnership builds upon the company’s 2019 and 2021 investments in OpenAI.

The companies didn’t disclose the financial terms of the partnership. Microsoft had been discussing investing as much as $10 billion in OpenAI, according to people familiar with the matter. A representative for Microsoft declined to comment on the final number.

OpenAI was in talks this month to sell existing shares in a tender offer that would value the company at roughly $29 billion, The Wall Street Journal reported, making it one of the most valuable U.S. startups on paper despite generating little revenue.

The investment shows the tremendous resources Microsoft is devoting toward incorporating artificial-intelligence software into its suite of products, ranging from its design app Microsoft Designer to search app Bing. It also will help bankroll the computing power OpenAI needs to run its various products on Microsoft’s Azure cloud platform.

At a WSJ panel during the 2023 World Economic Forum, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella discussed the company expanding access to OpenAI tools and the growing capabilities of ChatGPT.

The strengthening relationship with OpenAI has bolstered Microsoft’s standing in a race with other big tech companies that also have been pouring resources into artificial intelligence to enhance existing products and develop new uses for businesses and consumers.

Alphabet Inc.’s

Google, in particular, has invested heavily in AI and infused the technology into its operations in various ways, from improving navigation recommendations in its maps tools to enhancing image recognition for photos to enabling wording suggestions in Gmail.

Google has its own sophisticated chatbot technology, known as LaMDA, which gained notice last year when one of the company’s engineers claimed the bot was sentient, a claim Google and outside experts dismissed. Google, though, hasn’t made that technology widely available like OpenAI did with ChatGPT, whose ability to churn out human-like, sophisticated responses to all manner of linguistic prompts has captured public attention.

Microsoft Chief Executive

Satya Nadella

said last week his company plans to incorporate artificial-intelligence tools into all of its products and make them available as platforms for other businesses to build on. Mr. Nadella said last week at a Wall Street Journal panel at the World Economic Forum’s annual event in Davos, Switzerland. Mr. Nadella said that his company would move quickly to commercialize tools from OpenAI.

Analysts have said that OpenAI’s technology could one day threaten Google’s stranglehold on internet search, by providing quick, direct responses to queries rather than lists of links. Others have pointed out that the chatbot technology still suffers from inaccuracies and isn’t well-suited to certain types of queries.

“The viral launch of ChatGPT has caused some investors to question whether this poses a new disruption threat to Google Search,” Morgan Stanley analysts wrote in a note last month. “While we believe the near-term risk is limited—we believe the use case of search (and paid search) is different than AI-driven content creation—we are not dismissive of threats from new, unique consumer offerings.”

OpenAI, led by technology investor

Sam Altman,

began as a nonprofit in 2015 with $1 billion in pledges from

Tesla Inc.

CEO

Elon Musk,

LinkedIn co-founder

Reid Hoffman

and other backers. Its goal has long been to develop technology that can achieve what has been a holy grail for AI researchers: artificial general intelligence, where machines are able to learn and understand anything humans can.

Microsoft first invested in OpenAI in 2019, giving the company $1 billion to enhance its Azure cloud-computing platform. That gave OpenAI the computing resources it needed to train and improve its artificial-intelligence algorithms and led to a series of breakthroughs.

OpenAI has released a new suite of products in recent months that industry observers say represent a significant step toward that goal and could pave the way for a host of new AI-driven consumer applications.

In the fall, it launched Dall-E 2, a project that allowed users to generate art from strings of text, and then made ChatGPT public on Nov. 30. ChatGPT has become something of a sensation among the tech community given its ability to deliver immediate answers to questions ranging from “Who was George Washington Carver?” to “Write a movie script of a taco fighting a hot dog on the beach.”

Mr. Altman said the company’s tools could transform technology similar to the invention of the smartphone and tackle broader scientific challenges.

“They are incredibly embryonic right now, but as they develop, the creativity boost and new superpowers we get—none of us will want to go back,” Mr. Altman said in an interview in December.

Mr. Altman’s decision to create a for-profit arm of OpenAI garnered criticism from some in the artificial-intelligence community who said it represented a move away from OpenAI’s roots as a research lab that sought to benefit humanity over shareholders. OpenAI said it would cap profit at the company, diverting the remainder to the nonprofit group.

—Will Feuer contributed to this article.

Write to Berber Jin at berber.jin@wsj.com and Miles Kruppa at miles.kruppa@wsj.com

Corrections & Amplifications
The design app Microsoft Designer was misidentified as Microsoft Design in an earlier version of this article. (Corrected on Jan. 23)

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Technology

Why It’s So Hard to Sleep After Looking at Our Screens

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We’ve all reached for our phones in the middle of the night, only to be pulled into some kind of rabbit hole that keeps us awake. (If you haven’t, please share your secrets for self-control.)

A good night’s sleep is important for your health. Chronic sleep troubles can lead to cognitive impairments and increase the risk of stroke and heart attack. And getting enough rest is a huge problem for teens, who are facing a sleep crisis due to factors including nighttime technology use, busy schedules and heavy homework loads. American adults also have trouble sleeping, with 70% of adults reporting they get insufficient sleep at least one night a month, according to the American Sleep Apnea Association.

Much ado has been made about the blue light our devices emit, but the ways in which tech hijacks our sleep go far deeper than that. It’s the content we see that has the biggest impact on our slumber, sleep experts say. 

So what should we do about it? Sure, you could leave your phone in another room at night, but that might not be feasible for adults who want to be reached in an emergency. The simplest fix is to eliminate the temptation to scroll altogether. Tools from tech companies can help, including new features from TikTok and Instagram, two oft-cited sources of nighttime distraction. 

If we come across alarming news, a scary movie or an annoying work email right before bed or in the middle of the night, the stress hormone cortisol can rise. A spike in cortisol provides an energy boost by moving glucose from a stored state in the body to an active state. “It’s like eating a candy bar,” says

Jamie Zeitzer,

co-director of the Stanford Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences. Coming down from that energy rush can be difficult.

Positive content can be just as disruptive because it can increase the amount of dopamine or norepinephrine in the brain, two neurotransmitters Dr. Zeitzer says can excite the thalamus—the brain’s information-relay center—and disrupt the brain-wave oscillations needed for sleep.

Fretting about not sleeping can make things even worse. When we worry about not being able to go back to sleep, Dr. Zeitzer explains, we actually can’t go back to sleep because that worry is causing more cortisol to be released. 

TikTok is testing a new feature that will remind people when it’s time to go to sleep.



Photo:

Watchful.ai

If any of this sounds familiar, don’t despair. Sleep and digital-media experts suggest trying these things:

Know your triggers. Not all screen activities are bad for sleep. Start by assessing what stresses you out or excites you when you look at your phone—and what helps you calm down. You should also be more aware of the time you’re spending on your device. We tend to lose track of time when we’re on our phones, which can eat into the seven hours of nightly sleep doctors say adults need (teens need eight to 10 hours).  

Reconfigure your habits. Once you identify which screen-related activities rile you up, shift those activities earlier in the evening and do more relaxing activities closer to bedtime, says

Nitun Verma,

a spokesman for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Telling patients not to use screens an hour or two before bed is too jarring for some people, he says, and ends up being unsustainable. Instead, he advises people to taper their level of screen-induced emotion and excitement over the course of an evening so it’s “like landing a plane.” 

Make a list. If you’re one to worry at night about what lies ahead the next day, some sleep experts suggest making a to-do list before bed, so you don’t keep yourself awake making mental lists. You don’t have to get out paper and pen: The notes app on your phone makes it easy, or try one of the note-taking apps I mentioned here. 

Use tech to combat tech. You might soon be able to curb late-night TikTok scrolling. The video-sharing app, owned by ByteDance Ltd., is testing a new sleep-reminders feature. When you designate a bedtime in TikTok, the app will mute push notifications for the next seven hours and nudge you to close it. TikTok in 2021 began disabling notifications during nighttime hours for teens.

Thanks to a new feature introduced this week, Instagram users have the ability to set times in the app when they don’t want to be bothered. When Quiet Mode is enabled, you won’t receive notifications, and the app owned by

Meta Platforms Inc.

will send an auto-reply to anyone who DMs you to let them know you’re offline. The app will prompt teens to turn on Quiet Mode when they’re on Instagram between midnight and 4 a.m.

Instagram’s new Quiet Mode setting will let you schedule downtime from the app and inform followers when you’re offline.



Photo:

META

There are even more choices on the phones themselves.

You can turn on Do Not Disturb on an iPhone or an Android phone during the hours you choose, during which time you can allow calls or notifications only from certain people or apps. In the iPhone’s Sleep Focus setting, you can set a sleep goal and create bedtime reminders as well as enable Sleep Screen, which dims your lock screen at bedtime. 

iPhones also have a Wind Down feature while Android phones have Bedtime Mode, both of which silence your phones at a time of your choosing.

Only glance at the time. Many of us tap our phone screens to check the time in the middle of the night. That can tempt us to unlock our phones and scroll. If you’ve followed the other steps listed here, you should be able to resist. You can also buy an alarm clock just for that purpose. 

Create a family tech plan. Leaving your phone outside the bedroom might not be practical for many adults, but I advise parents to keep all devices out of kids’ bedrooms.

Andrea Davis,

founder of Better Screen Time, a company that educates families about healthy digital habits, suggests parents create a tech plan with their kids, which spells out when, where and how devices can be used. She says parents should follow the rules, too. She didn’t trust herself not to look at her phone while in bed, so she agreed, along with her children, to charge her phone in another room at night. Her husband keeps his phone in the bedroom in case of an emergency.

Restart your sleep routine. If you still wake up in the middle of the night and find yourself ruminating, don’t continue to toss and turn, says

Vijay Ramanan,

a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic. He suggests getting up for 15 minutes and restarting the routine that helped you fall asleep in the first place. Only turn to your phone to find a soothing meditation, audiobook or podcast.

SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS

What strategies help you avoid late-night or early-morning scrolling? Join the conversation below.

—For more Family & Tech columns, advice and answers to your most pressing family-related technology questions, sign up for my weekly newsletter.

Write to Julie Jargon at Julie.Jargon@wsj.com

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Business

How Apple Has So Far Avoided Layoffs: Lean Hiring, No Free Lunches

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No company is certain to avoid significant cutbacks in an economic environment as volatile as the current one, and Apple isn’t immune to the business challenges that have hit other tech giants. It is expected next month to report its first quarterly sales decline in more than three years. Apple has also slowed hiring in some areas.

But the iPhone maker has been better positioned than many rivals to date in part because it added employees at a much slower clip than those companies during the pandemic. It also tends to run lean, with limited employee perks and businesses focused on hardware products and sales that have so far largely dodged the economic downturn, investors say.

An Apple spokesman declined to comment.

From its fiscal year-end in September 2019 to September 2022, Apple’s workforce grew by about 20% to approximately 164,000 full-time employees. Meanwhile, over roughly the same period, the employee count at Amazon doubled, Microsoft’s rose 53%, Google parent

Alphabet Inc.’s

increased 57% and Facebook owner Meta’s ballooned 94%.

Apple has about 65,000 retail employees working in more than 500 stores who make up roughly 40% of the company’s total workforce.

On Friday, Alphabet became the latest tech company to announce widespread layoffs, with a plan to eliminate roughly 12,000 jobs, the company’s largest-ever round of job cuts.

Alphabet’s cut follows a wave of large layoffs at Amazon, Microsoft and Meta. The tech industry has seen more than 200,000 layoffs since the start of 2022, according to Layoffs.fyi, a website that tracks cuts in the sector as they surface in media reports and company releases.

The last big round of layoffs at Apple happened way back in 1997, when co-founder

Steve Jobs

returned to the company, which then cut costs by firing 4,100 employees.

So far, Apple’s core business has shown itself to be resilient against broader downturns in the market. The other four tech giants have suffered amid slowdowns in digital advertising, e-commerce and PCs. In its September quarter, Apple reported that sales at its most important business—the iPhone—advanced 9.7% from the previous year to $42.6 billion, surpassing analyst estimates.

After a period of aggressive hiring to meet heightened demand for online services during the pandemic, tech companies are now laying off many of those workers. And tech bosses are saying “mea culpa” for the miscalculation. WSJ reporter Dana Mattioli joins host Zoe Thomas to talk through the shift and what it all means for the tech sector going forward.

Apple may face a rougher December quarter, which it is scheduled to report on Feb. 2, as the company encountered manufacturing challenges in China, where strict zero-Covid policies damped much economic activity. Many analysts expect that demand hasn’t subsided for its iPhones and as the company continues to ramp back up manufacturing, demand is anticipated to move to the March quarter.

The company’s business model hasn’t been totally immune to broader slowdowns. Revenue from its services business continued to slow, growing 5% annually to $19.2 billion in the September quarter, shy of the gains posted in recent quarters.

Tom Forte,

senior research analyst at investment bank D.A. Davidson & Co., said he expects Apple to reduce head count, but it might do that quietly through employee attrition—by not replacing workers who leave. The company could move in the direction of making other cuts or adjustments to perks that are common in Silicon Valley. Apple doesn’t offer free lunches to employees on its corporate campus, unlike other big tech companies such as Google and Meta.

Some of the tech giants cutting jobs have spent heavily on projects that are unlikely to turn into strong businesses anytime soon, said Daniel Morgan, a senior portfolio manager at Synovus Trust Co., which counts Apple among its largest holdings. “Both Meta and Google are terribly guilty of that,” he said.

Meta has been pouring billions of dollars into its Reality Labs for its new ambitions in the so-called metaverse. Meta Chief Executive

Mark Zuckerberg

has defended the company’s spending on Reality Labs, suggesting that virtual reality will become an important technological platform.

After announcing the layoffs, Alphabet Chief Executive

Sundar Pichai

said the company had seen dramatic periods of growth during the past two years. “To match and fuel that growth, we hired for a different economic reality than the one we face today,” he wrote in a message to employees on Friday.

Apple also is working on risky future bets, such as an augmented-reality headset due out later this year and a car project whose release date is uncertain, but at a more measured pace.

Write to Aaron Tilley at aaron.tilley@wsj.com

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Business

Google Parent Alphabet to Cut 12,000 Jobs Amid Wave of Tech Layoffs

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Google’s parent company said it would cut its staff by 6% in its largest-ever round of layoffs, extending a retrenchment among technology companies after record pandemic hiring.

Alphabet Inc.

GOOG 5.72%

said the cuts would eliminate roughly 12,000 jobs across different units and regions, though some areas, including recruiting and projects outside of the company’s core businesses, would be more heavily affected.

The layoffs reached as high as the vice president level and affected divisions including cloud computing and Area 120, an internal business incubator that had already faced cuts last year, said people familiar with the matter.

The Google cuts make January the worst month yet in a wave of tech layoffs that began last year, according to estimates from Layoffs.fyi, which tracks media reports and company announcements. This week,

Microsoft Corp.

said it would eliminate 10,000 jobs, the largest layoffs in more than eight years. Online furniture seller

Wayfair Inc.

said it is laying off about 10% of its workforce, and

Unity Software Inc.,

which provides tools for creating videogames and other applications, also cut staff.

Earlier this month,

Amazon.com Inc.

said layoffs would affect more than 18,000 employees and

Salesforce Inc.

said it was laying off 10% of its workforce. Last year,

Meta Platforms Inc.

said it would cut 13% of staff.

Technology companies including Google expanded rapidly during the pandemic as life moved online. Recent cuts have been part of a broader pivot toward protecting profit and cementing the end of a growth-at-all costs era in technology. Google executives have in recent months said the company would be tightening its belt, reflecting a new period of more disciplined and efficient spending. But the company hadn’t announced cuts as deep as those of its Silicon Valley peers. 

Google hired aggressively as demand for its services rose during the health crisis, leading to more than 50% growth in total employee count across Alphabet since the end of 2019. The cuts this week appeared to fall short of the almost 12,800 employees Alphabet added to its roster in the third quarter last year.

“Over the past two years we’ve seen periods of dramatic growth. To match and fuel that growth, we hired for a different economic reality than the one we face today,” Alphabet Chief Executive

Sundar Pichai

wrote in a message to employees sent out Friday and posted on the company’s website.

“I take full responsibility for the decisions that led us here,” Mr. Pichai wrote. The corporate mea culpa for overhiring has become a recurring message in recent months at tech companies as executives realized that some of the hiring they undertook to keep pace with soaring demand for all things digital early in the pandemic left them overstaffed as the business environment soured.

Among the executives who have made such apologies are Salesforce Co-Chief Executive

Marc Benioff,

Meta Platforms CEO

Mark Zuckerberg

and Twitter Inc. co-founder

Jack Dorsey.

The recent headlines about tech layoffs don’t seem to match broader economic indicators, which show a strong job market and a historically low unemployment rate. WSJ’s Gunjan Banerji explains the disconnect. Illustration: Ali Larkin

Alphabet recorded $17.1 billion of operating income in the third quarter last year, an 18.5% decrease from the same period in 2021. Google executives partly blamed a slowdown in revenue growth on the company’s historic performance during the tail end of the pandemic. Alphabet shares rose 4.5% to $97.24 in morning trading Friday.

Alphabet earlier this month said it would cut more than 200 jobs at its Verily Life Sciences healthcare business, accounting for about 15% of the roles at the unit. Before that, some of the last major cuts Google announced were in 2009, when the company said it was reducing the number of jobs in its sales and marketing teams by roughly 200 globally.

Activist hedge fund TCI Fund Management, which had called on Alphabet to cut costs aggressively in November, said Friday the company should go further.

“Management should aim to reduce headcount to around 150,000, which is in line with Alphabet’s headcount at the end of 2021,”

Christopher Hohn,

TCI managing director, said in a letter. “This would require a total headcount reduction in the order of 20%.”

Current and former Google employees said layoffs would likely affect the company’s famously loose and collegial culture, which has been widely imitated in the tech industry.

Google employees have long enjoyed one of the most accommodating environments among large U.S. companies. A letter to potential investors in Google’s 2004 initial public offering said the company provided many unusual benefits, such as washing machines, and would likely add more over time.

As job cuts have accumulated in the tech industry, many employees at Google have pressed executives about the possibility of layoffs at the company. At a companywide meeting in December, Mr. Pichai told employees that the company had tried to “rationalize where we can so that we are set up to better weather the storm regardless of what’s ahead.”

A Google spokesman said that Friday’s cuts would affect not just Google, but also other Alphabet subsidiaries, but didn’t specify at what levels. Alphabet subsidiaries include Verily and the Waymo self-driving-car unit. The spokesman didn’t comment on which specific products or engineering units would be affected.

“Alphabet leadership claims ‘full responsibility’ for this decision, but that is little comfort to the 12,000 workers who are now without jobs,” said Parul Koul, executive chair of the Alphabet Workers Union, in a statement. “This is egregious and unacceptable behavior by a company that made $17 billion dollars in profit last quarter alone.”

Alphabet said it would offer U.S.-based employees two months notice, plus 16 weeks of severance pay, along with two additional weeks for each year an employee being laid off from the nearly 25-year-old company has worked there. In other countries, the company will follow local processes and laws, which sometimes require consultations with employee representatives before workers are laid off.

The company will also offer former employees access to resources to help them with their immigration status, job placement and mental health, the spokesman said. Tech companies in the U.S. often have employees on work visas tied to their employment.

Write to Sam Schechner at Sam.Schechner@wsj.com and Miles Kruppa at miles.kruppa@wsj.com

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Business

T-Mobile Says Hackers Stole Data on About 37 Million Customers

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T-Mobile

TMUS -0.52%

US Inc. said hackers accessed data, including birth dates and billing addresses, for about 37 million of its customers, the second major security lapse at the wireless company in two years.

The company said in a regulatory filing Thursday that it discovered the problem on Jan. 5 and was working with law-enforcement officials and cybersecurity consultants. T-Mobile said it believes the hackers had access to its data since Nov. 25 but that it has since been able to stop the malicious activity.

The cellphone carrier said it is currently notifying affected customers and that it believes the most sensitive types of records—such as credit card numbers, Social Security numbers and account passwords—weren’t compromised. T-Mobile has more than 110 million customers.

The company said its preliminary investigation indicates that data on about 37 million current postpaid and prepaid customer accounts was exposed. The company said hackers may have obtained names, billing addresses, emails, phone numbers, birth dates and account numbers. Information such as the number of lines on the account and plan features could have also been accessed, the company said.

“Some basic customer information (nearly all of which is the type widely available in marketing databases or directories) was obtained,” T-Mobile said in a statement. “No passwords, payment card information, social security numbers, government ID numbers or other financial account information were compromised.”

The company said its systems weren’t breached but someone was improperly obtaining data through an API, or application programming interface, that can provide some customer information. The company said it shut down the activity within 24 hours of discovering it.

The company’s investigation into the incident is ongoing. T-Mobile warned that it could incur significant costs tied to the incident, though it said it doesn’t currently expect a material effect on the company’s operations. The company is set to report fourth-quarter results on Feb. 1.

T-Mobile acknowledged a security lapse in 2021 after personal information regarding more than 50 million of its current, former and prospective customers was found for sale online. T-Mobile later raised its estimate and said about 76.6 million U.S. residents had some sort of records exposed.

A 21-year-old American living in Turkey claimed credit for the 2021 intrusion and said the company’s security practices cleared an easy path for the theft of the data, which included Social Security numbers, birth dates and phone-specific identifiers. T-Mobile’s chief executive later apologized for the failure and said the company would improve its data safeguards.

T-Mobile proposed paying $350 million to settle a class-action lawsuit tied to the 2021 hack. As part of the settlement, the company also pledged to spend $150 million for security technology in 2022 and this year.

Write to Will Feuer at Will.Feuer@wsj.com

Corrections & Amplifications
T-Mobile US Inc. acknowledged a security lapse in 2021. An earlier version of this article incorrectly said it was last year. (Corrected on Jan. 19)

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Business

Microsoft and Google Will Both Have to Bear AI’s Costs

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Microsoft said Tuesday that it is moving quickly to incorporate artificial-intelligence tools from OpenAI into its products and services. This includes OpenAI’s chatbot called ChatGPT, which launched just over a month ago and has skyrocketed in popularity as users have flocked to the tool, which spits out conversational answers to queries and—much to the chagrin of educators everywhere—can also pen full essays and even poems.

Chief Executive

Satya Nadella

told a Wall Street Journal panel at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, that “every product of Microsoft will have some of the same AI capabilities to completely transform the product.”

Microsoft already invested $1 billion in OpenAI and is reportedly looking to put even more into the startup, so its interest in making use of the technology is unsurprising. But the news was also another unwelcome development for Google, whose core search business could be threatened by the question-answering function of technologies such as ChatGPT.

The New York Times reported last month that ChatGPT’s launch Nov. 30 triggered Google’s management to declare a “code red” internally. Microsoft is Google’s largest rival in web search, though its Bing search engine still only accounts for a low single-digit percentage of the global market.  

Shares of Google-parent

Alphabet

GOOG 0.92%

slipped nearly 1% on Tuesday and have fallen nearly 10% since the ChatGPT launch—the worst performance of the big techs and triple the percentage loss of the Nasdaq during that time. Microsoft’s shares rose Tuesday by a fraction while Nvidia, which specializes in artificial-intelligence chips used in data centers by both companies, jumped nearly 5%.

“We see ChatGPT’s prowess and traction with consumers as a near-term threat to Alphabet’s multiple and a boost for Microsoft and Nvidia,” UBS analysts wrote in a recent report. 

ChatGPT indeed seems more than a flash in the pan. Data from Similarweb shows daily visits to the tool’s home page recently surpassed 20 million—nearly double the daily hits the site was generating two weeks after its launch.

But investors might be getting ahead of themselves as far as the impact on Google goes. Not all web queries are created equal—especially ones that will generate revenue through advertising links. ChatGPT specializes in natural-language queries that generate humanlike answers.

Not all of those answers contain correct information, however, and tracing the source of that information is difficult. In a recent report, Bernstein analyst Mark Shmulik said there is “an ocean of difference between a general information search query and a monetizable one,” adding that ChatGPT’s shortcomings on the latter were “glaringly obvious.” 

Google also has the deeply ingrained behavior of the masses to fall back on. The company has powered more than 90% of global internet searches since at least 2009, according to StatCounter. Even Microsoft’s launch of Bing in the middle of that year didn’t really dent Google’s share.  

Ultimately, incorporating AI tools such as ChatGPT could be costly for both companies given the computing horsepower required.

Brian Nowak

of Morgan Stanley estimates that ChatGPT’s cost per query is about seven times as much as the cost to Google for a traditional search query.

That multiple could drop to four times if OpenAI is able to access the lowest price tiers of Microsoft’s Azure cloud service, Mr. Nowak estimates. But that is still quite a gap, and one that is reflective of the costs Microsoft might bear as it works ChatGPT and other OpenAI tools deeper into its products. 

Such pressure would be untimely. Investors are placing greater focus on both companies’ profits as revenue growth is projected to slow considerably this year. Alphabet’s operating margins are expected to come in at 27% this year—down from 2022 but still about 5 percentage points above what it averaged in the three years before the pandemic. Meanwhile, Microsoft is expected to keep its own margins above the 40% line for the third consecutive year—a feat not managed since 1999.

That may explain why Microsoft finally elected to follow other major techs in reducing its headcount. The company said Wednesday morning that it plans to lay off about 10,000 employees, or less than 5% of its workforce. Many expect Google’s parent to make a similar move soon.

How to spend more when investors want to see less going out the door is a question even ChatGPT wouldn’t be able to answer.

ChatGPT, OpenAI’s new artificially intelligent chatbot, can write essays on complex topics. Joanna Stern went back to high school AP Literature for a day to see if she could pass the class using just AI. Photo illustration: Elena Scotti

Write to Dan Gallagher at dan.gallagher@wsj.com

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Business

Alphabet Unit Verily to Trim More Than 200 Jobs

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Verily Life Sciences, a healthcare unit of

Alphabet Inc.,

GOOG 3.38%

is laying off more than 200 employees as part of a broader reorganization, the first major staff reductions to hit Google’s parent following a wave of layoffs at other technology companies.

The cuts will affect about 15% of roles at Verily, which will discontinue work on a medical software program called Verily Value Suite and several early-stage products, CEO Stephen Gillett said in an email to employees Wednesday. Verily has more than 1,600 employees.

Verily oversees a portfolio of healthcare projects largely focused on applying data and technology to patient treatments, including a virtual diabetes clinic and an online program for connecting research participants to clinical studies. 

“We are making changes that refine our strategy, prioritize our product portfolio and simplify our operating model,” Mr. Gillett wrote in the email. “We will advance fewer initiatives with greater resources.”

Originally known as Google Life Sciences, Verily is one of the largest businesses other than Google under the Alphabet umbrella, part of a group of companies known as “Other Bets.” Alphabet had 186,779 employees at the end of September last year, according to company filings.

The robotics software company Intrinsic, another unit in Alphabet’s Other Bets, also said on Wednesday it would let go of 40 employees. A spokesman said the “decision was made in light of shifts in prioritization and our longer-term strategic direction.”

Verily has recently looked to pare back a once-sprawling collection of projects spanning insurance to mosquito breeding. Last year, the company hired McKinsey & Co. and Innosight to do consulting work, The Wall Street Journal reported.

After a period of aggressive hiring to meet heightened demand for online services during the pandemic, tech companies are now laying off many of those workers. And tech bosses are saying “mea culpa” for the miscalculation. WSJ reporter Dana Mattioli joins host Zoe Thomas to talk through the shift and what it all means for the tech sector going forward.

The reorganization is a sign of the continued difficulties facing big tech companies trying to crack the healthcare industry.

David Feinberg,

the head of an ambitious health-focused group at Google, left the company in 2021 to become CEO of the healthcare technology company Cerner Corp.

In the email to employees, Mr. Gillett said Verily would largely focus on products related to research and care, while concentrating more decisions in a central leadership team rather than individual groups.

Mr. Gillett took over as Verily CEO this month, succeeding the well-known geneticist

Andy Conrad,

who moved to executive chairman.

“As we move into Verily’s next chapter, we are doubling down on our purpose, with the goal to ultimately be operating in all areas of precision health,” Mr. Gillett wrote to employees on Wednesday. “We will do this by building the data and evidence backbone that closes the gap between research and care.”

Google’s peers have cut jobs recently in response to worsening economic conditions and a decline in online advertising. Last week,

Amazon.com Inc.

announced layoffs that will affect more than 18,000 employees, the most of any tech company in the past year.

Tech Layoffs Across the Industry: Amazon, Salesforce and More Cut Staff

At a companywide meeting in December, Google CEO

Sundar Pichai

said he couldn’t make any forward looking commitments in response to questions about layoffs. Google has tried to “rationalize where we can so that we are set up to better weather the storm regardless of what’s ahead,” he added.

Activist investor TCI Fund Management called on Alphabet in November to reduce losses in Other Bets such as Verily, writing in a letter to Mr. Pichai that the company had too many employees.

Alphabet’s Other Bets recorded $1.6 billion in operating losses from $209 million in revenue during the third quarter last year, mostly from the sale of health technology and internet services. 

Verily said in September it received $1 billion in funding from Alphabet and other investors, without naming the backers. The private-equity firm Silver Lake, Singaporean fund Temasek Holdings and Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan previously invested in the company.

Write to Miles Kruppa at miles.kruppa@wsj.com

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