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NASA’s Perseverance rover is about to attempt a supersonic plunge to Mars, complete with a jetpack landing

An artist’s illustration of NASA’s Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter on Mars. NASA/JPL-Caltech

NASA is about to accomplish an unprecedented feat: The agency’s Perseverance Mars rover is set to film its own high-stakes landing.

The vehicle has almost reached its destination. On February 18, after nearly seven months and 300 million miles of space travel, the robot is slated to to plummet through the thin Martian atmosphere, deploy a parachute and a jetpack, then gently land in an ancient lake bed.

Once set up there, it will search for mineral deposits from an old lake, which could contain signs of ancient microbial life. The rover is programmed to cache samples of Martian rock and soil so that a future mission can carry them back to Earth for scientists to study.

But first, the rover must land successfully.

“I don’t think I’m exaggerating when I say that entry, descent, and landing is the most critical and most dangerous part of a mission,” Allen Chen, who leads that process for Perseverance at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a press briefing. “Success is never assured and that’s especially true when we’re trying to land the biggest, heaviest, and most complicated rover we’ve ever built to the most dangerous site we’ve ever attempted to land at.”

A series of precise, automated maneuvers must go exactly right to safely deliver Perseverance to its destination. There’s no room for error.

That’s why aerospace engineers have a special nickname for this phase of a Mars mission: “seven minutes of terror.”

This illustration shows the Perseverance rover casting off its spacecraft’s cruise stage, minutes before entering the Martian atmosphere. NASA/JPL-Caltech

For Perseverance, this process will be all the more terrifying because of its landing site. Mars’ Jezero Crater is a dried-up lake bed rich with exposed layers of ancient rock, which could hold remnants of past microbial life. Steep cliffs run through the middle of the landing site, along with sand dunes and boulders.

“Jezero Crater is a great place, magnificent place for science,” Chen said. “But when I look at it from a landing perspective, I see danger.”

If Perseverance arrives safely, however, it will then beam back the first video footage of a landing on another planet. High-definition cameras and microphones on the rover should record the whole thing, and NASA has said it will make the footage available later.

“We’re really looking forward to bringing everyone for the ride,” Chen said.

A parachute and a jetpack will slow Perseverance’s plummet

A NASA animation shows what the Perseverance landing should look like if all goes well:

The illustration below breaks down each step of that process.

“We’ve got literally seven minutes to get from the top of the atmosphere to the surface of Mars, going from 13,000 mph to zero in perfect sequence, perfect choreography, perfect timing,” Adam Steltzner, chief engineer of the Perseverance mission, said in a 2012 NASA-JPL video about the Curiosity rover (which is still going strong on Mars). “The computer has to do it all by itself with no help from the ground. If any one thing doesn’t work just right, it’s game over.”

An illustration depicts some of the milestones of Perseverance’s 7-minute descent to the Martian surface. NASA/JPL-Caltech

The first step in Perseverance’s landing process is for the spacecraft that’s carried it 300 million miles to drop its cargo: a top-shaped capsule with the rover inside. This entry capsule will succumb to Mars’ gravity and plummet towards the planet, protecting Perseverance with a heat shield.

An illustration shows the spacecraft carrying NASA’s Perseverance rover as it plows through the Martian atmosphere. NASA/JPL-Caltech

The capsule will plow through the Martian atmosphere at over 12,000 mph, and its shield should deflect material that’s been super-heated by that extreme speed. The outside of the heat shield will get as hot as 2,370 degrees Fahrenheit. This will cause it to streak across the Martian sky like a bright meteor.

Mars’ atmosphere is about 1% as thick as ours on Earth, but it should still slow the capsule down.

An illustration of a NASA Mars rover entering the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds. Its heat shield is designed to withstand temperatures of more than 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit. NASA/JPL-Caltech

The capsule must use its thrusters to steer itself toward the landing target, since pockets of air with varying density can tilt it off-course.

Once it’s slowed to twice the speed of sound, Perseverance will deploy a 70-foot-wide parachute. Then the capsule will jettison its heat shield, clearing the way for the rover’s radar system to survey the land below. An autopilot-like navigation system should kick in to reconfigure the vehicle’s trajectory toward the landing site.

An illustration shows the Perseverance rover deploying a supersonic parachute before landing. NASA/JPL-Caltech

That system, called “terrain-relative navigation,” compares what the rover’s cameras see to an onboard map of the Martian surface, built from satellite imagery. It should recognize and avoid the cliffs, sand dunes, and boulder fields that litter Jezero Crater.

Perseverance’s supersonic parachute can only slow its descent to about 150 mph – as fast as a skydiver plummeting to Earth with no parachute. That’s why NASA engineers also equipped the rover with a jetpack.

About a mile above the Martian surface, the jetpack will ignite its engines, with the rover attached to its underside.

A jetpack, with the Perseverance rover secured to its underbelly, flies to a safe landing spot in Jezero Crater. NASA/JPL-Caltech

The jetpack will separate from the remaining parts of the entry capsule and fly Perseverance to a safe spot identified by the terrain-relative navigation. By the time the rover reaches its landing place, its speed should have slowed to about 1.5 mph.

An artist’s concept shows of the sky crane lowering NASA’s Curiosity rover to the Martian surface. NASA/JPL-Caltech

Very slowly, the jetpack will unspool 25-foot-long nylon cords that will lower Perseverance until its wheels touch the ground.

An illustration of NASA’s Perseverance rover landing on Mars. NASA/JPL-Caltech

A few minutes later, mission controllers should get the signal that the rover touched down.

After that, assuming everything has gone right, the rover will spend a few months checking and calibrating its scientific instruments. Then it will release a helicopter from its belly and turn its cameras to the drone as it lifts off for the first-ever controlled flight on another planet.

Then the rover will continue on its core mission: searching for ancient rocks that could hold hints of microbial alien life.

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NASA astronauts complete multi-year project to upgrade batteries on the ISS

When NASA astronauts Mike Hopkins and Victor Glover went on a spacewalk on February 1st, they wrapped up a multi-year effort to replace the aging nickel hydrogen batteries on the ISS with new lithium-ion models. The International Space Station Program approved the development of lithium-ion batteries to replace the station’s aging power storage system back in 2011. Battery production started in 2014, and the first lithium—ion replacements flew to the station aboard JAXA’s Kounotori 6 resupply flight in December 2016. Now, four years after that flight and 14 spacewalks with 13 different astronauts later, the upgrade is finally complete.

Ground controllers used the Canadarm2 robotic arm to position some of the batteries for installation. However, some required additional spacewalks for the locations the arm couldn’t reach. The batteries aren’t quite like the lithium-ion we’re used to, with their space-grade lithium-ion cells and radiant barrier shield. Since lithium-ion technology has greater energy density than nickel-hydrogen, only 24 new batteries were needed to replace the 48 old ones.

The ISS uses batteries to store energy harnessed from the sun with its solar panels, and it taps into those reserves every time it doesn’t have access to sunlight. And that happens often, since the station passes between sunlight and darkness every 45 minutes. That stored power is necessary to keep everything working on the ISS, including the station’s life support systems. Aside from providing the station with much—needed power, the batteries could also give us the insight needed to improve lithium-ion safety.

Now that this particular upgrade is complete, the ISS program will shift its focus to replacing the station’s solar arrays. Six new arrays will be flying aboard SpaceX flights over the next few years to replace the current ones near the end of their 15-year lifespan.



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Spacewalking astronauts complete a space station battery upgrade years in the making

Two NASA astronauts completed the second in a pair of spacewalks today (Feb. 1), installing a European science platform and finishing up a long series of battery replacements outside the International Space Station

Today’s spacewalk, which began at 7:56 a.m. EST (1256 GMT), was the 234th spacewalk, or extravehicular activity (EVA), in support of space station assembly, maintenance and upgrades, according to NASA. The 233rd spacewalk took place just a few days prior, on Jan. 27.

This spacewalk was conducted by NASA astronaut Victor Glover and NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins. This marked Glover’s second spacewalk and Hopkin’s fourth spacewalk.

“Enjoying the view,” Hopkins said about the view of the Earth from space during the spacewalk.

Related: The International Space Station: inside and out (infographic) 

NASA astronaut Victor Glover rides on Canadarm2 to complete work during a spacewalk on Feb. 1, 2021.  (Image credit: NASA)

Glover and Hopkins had a variety of tasks to tackle when they stepped out into space. After completing their main objectives — which included configuring a battery and adapter plate and installing three separate cameras — just about four hours into what was planned to be a six-and-a-half-hour spacewalk, the astronauts were able to complete some “get-ahead” activities.

“We went out the door a little bit late today but we’ve made up all that time,” Hopkins said during the spacewalk.

The pair was assisted by personnel including NASA astronaut Kate Rubins and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Soichi Noguchi on board the space station and NASA astronaut Bob Hines, who relayed next steps to the spacewalkers from the ground. 

Throughout the duration of the mission, Glover used the “call sign,” or nickname, of “Ike, Hopkins used the name “Hopper” and Hines went by “Farmer.”

First, after leaving the space station airlock, Glover and Hopkins installed the final lithium-ion battery and adapter plate on the port 4 (P4) truss. The adapter plate completed the circuit for the battery system. This was the last in a series of battery-installment EVA activities that began in January 2017 to replace old nickel-hydrogen batteries with new lithium-ion batteries. Hopkins installed a scoop, a handling aid, on the lithium-ion battery to help with the installation.

“Final adapter plate installed on the @Space_Station. Today’s spacewalk will wrap up battery replacement work to change out batteries for 8 power channels used to route electricity on the station. Upgrades have been carried out in a series of spacewalks over the past 4 years,” NASA tweeted about the accomplishment.

“1 hr into today’s spacewalk and we have confirmation that the final Li-ion battery installed has a good configuration. @AstroVicGlover and @Astro_Illini are continuing to work on their tasks on the station,” NASA confirmed in another tweet

The astronauts then drilled one bolt to secure the Direct Current Switching Unit (DCSU), which helps to route power through the station’s battery system. 

Following the completion of this main task, Hopkins worked to remove the H-fixture, a grapple fixture bracket on the same truss as the battery that were once used for ground processing of solar arrays and are not needed any longer. Hopkins loosened and removed four bolts using a tool on a retractable tether. These fixtures are necessary for future power upgrades, NASA commentator Leah Cheshier noted during the agency’s broadcast.

NASA astronauts Victor Glover and Mike Hopkins completed the second in a series of two spacewalks today Feb. 1, 2021.  (Image credit: NASA)

Glover next began replacing a magenta-hued camera on the starboard truss; the camera’s color wheel had broken. To do this, Glover had to ride the station’s robotic arm, Canadarm2, over to the area. The arm, which provides added stability during the maneuver, was robotically controlled by Rubins from the space station. 

To get onto the arm to “ride” it to the site, Glover had to attach and configure an articulating, portable foot restraint that would connect his feet to the arm. Before the maneuver, Hopkins did a quick helmet absorption pad (HAP) check to make sure nothing was leaking inside the suit.

Once secure on the arm, and with help from Rubins inside the orbiting laboratory, Glover “flew” over to the camera’s site, with the blue hues of the Atlantic Ocean swirling hazily below. Glover successfully replaced the broken camera on the starboard truss, the first of three cameras to be installed during the spacewalk. To do this, Glover used a pistol grip tool (PGT), which astronauts use to remove and install bolts during spacewalks. 

Next, as the crew flew into orbital nighttime, Hopkins and Glover moved to work on two other camera systems on the space station. The pair worked to install a new HD camera on the U.S. Destiny laboratory module and then Hopkins worked to replace pieces of the camera system on the remote manipulator system on the Japanese robotic arm. 

Glover then moved to exit the foot restraint on Canadarm2, jokingly saying, “I’d fly with ‘Air Rubins’ anytime,” as astronaut Rubins commanded the arm as he rode it. 

At this point, just about four hours into the spacewalk, the astronauts had completed all major tasks set out for the event and moved on to “get ahead” tasks, or extra objectives that would otherwise be done during a later spacewalk. 

During this final stretch of the spacewalk, Hopkins removed an additional H-fixture and took photos of the space station’s exterior to document its current state. Glover prepared the foot restraint configuration (that he earlier used for the robotic arm ride) for a future spacewalk. Glover also removed and replaced an airlock magnet, a metal plate that helps to keep the thermal cover on the space station’s Quest Joint Airlock closed.

NASA astronaut Kate Rubins (right) and JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi (left) watch and wait for NASA astronauts Mike Hopkins and Victor Glover to return from a spacewalk on Feb. 1, 2021.  (Image credit: NASA)

Five hours and 20 minutes after they began, at 1:16 p.m. EST (1816 GMT), the astronauts began repressurizing the airlock and the spacewalk was officially over. 

“Just want to say thank you to the entire … Farmer and vincent and everybody else, well done … i think we had a very very very good day … Thanks to everyone,” Hopkins said as the spacewalk ended.

Following today’s spacewalk, the Expedition 64 astronauts will conduct two additional spacewalks in the near future, according to NASA. Next, Glover and Rubins will prepare the space station’s power system for the installation of new solar arrays and, in the spacewalk after that, Rubins and Noguchi will continue to upgrade space station components, according to NASA. The exact dates for those spacewalks have not yet been set. 

Today’s spacewalk coincides with the first day of Black History Month. Glover, who completed today’s spacewalk with Hopkins, is the first Black astronaut to take part in a long-duration mission on the station, staying for over six months as part of Expedition 64 and Expedition 65. Glover, who launched to the space station on Nov. 15, 2020, as part of SpaceX’s Crew-1 mission, is only the 15th Black astronaut to ever reach space.

“It is something to be celebrated once we accomplish it, and, you know, I am honored to be in this position and to be a part of this great and experienced crew,” Glover said during a 2020 news conference before he launched to the space station. “And I look forward to getting up there and doing my best to make sure that, you know, we are worthy of all the work that’s been put into setting us up for this mission.”

This spacewalk also coincides with the anniversary of the loss of STS-107, the Space Shuttle Columbia mission that, on Feb. 1, 2003, ended in tragedy the shuttle broke up while returning to Earth, killing all seven astronauts on board: Rick Husband, Michael Anderson, David Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Laurel Clark, William McCool and Ilan Ramon. The crew had successfully made it to space, where they spent 16 days and performed about 80 experiments before attempting to return to Earth. 

An investigation determined that during launch, a large piece of foam fell from the shuttle’s external tank and hit the spacecraft’s wing. That damage caused the shuttle’s reentry failure. This tragic event moved NASA to take a hard look at their safety protocols and internal workplace culture to prioritize future astronaut safety. 

Email Chelsea Gohd at cgohd@space.com or follow her on Twitter @chelsea_gohd. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.



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Complete Chaos At Tokyo Retailer Over PS5 Sales

Screenshot: @tabata__97/@AJapaneseDream/YouTube

The PlayStation 5 launched last November, but months later, it’s still hard to snag one, especially in Japan. Early today, the Yodobashi Camera electrics megastore in Akihabara, one of the biggest in the country, sold a huge shipment of PS5. All hell broke loose.

People began shoving and pushing, descending on a Yodobashi clerk who had a stack of an estimated 300 numbered tickets to purchase the PS5.

Have a look at the chaos that ensued:

The police were called, and the sale was cancelled.

Why did this happen? As Twitter’s AJapaneseDream points out, the Akihabara location is apparently only one of two Yodobashi Cameras in the greater Tokyo-Yokohama area that does not require the retailer’s black credit card to purchase the hardware—a requirement that was instituted, it seems, to thwart resellers.

What’s more, unlike in the past, the store gave out numbered tickets first come, first served. In the past, also in an effort to discourage console flipping, the retailer would give away raffle numbers for the chance to purchase the hardware.

This created a perfect opportunity for those who wanted to get a PS5 for themselves or even to resell.

Keep in mind that the Japanese government has currently declared a state of emergency over the novel coronavirus. Tokyo has the highest number of cases in the country.

All tweets were used with permission.



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